Randall Carlson

I remember going there with my dad, my grandparents, and looking at these big holes in the ground, big holes in the rock. My grandmother saying, well, it was something to do with the Ice Age, but wasn't very okay. But later, when I got to as an adult, I would think back to that and I'd go, okay. I learned about colking.

I remember going there with my dad, my grandparents, and looking at these big holes in the ground, big holes in the rock. My grandmother saying, well, it was something to do with the Ice Age, but wasn't very okay. But later, when I got to as an adult, I would think back to that and I'd go, okay. I learned about colking.

And I've documented dozens of rivers around North America where you can see huge potholes. And the modern flows are not creating those potholes. They're the relic of ancient, catastrophic flows, cataclysmic flows. So then it raises the whole question of triggers. And I think there's where we need to expand our thinking into the greater domain of the cosmos because...

And I've documented dozens of rivers around North America where you can see huge potholes. And the modern flows are not creating those potholes. They're the relic of ancient, catastrophic flows, cataclysmic flows. So then it raises the whole question of triggers. And I think there's where we need to expand our thinking into the greater domain of the cosmos because...

And I've documented dozens of rivers around North America where you can see huge potholes. And the modern flows are not creating those potholes. They're the relic of ancient, catastrophic flows, cataclysmic flows. So then it raises the whole question of triggers. And I think there's where we need to expand our thinking into the greater domain of the cosmos because...

I can't conceive of anything that would be like terrestrially based that could lead to that.

I can't conceive of anything that would be like terrestrially based that could lead to that.

I can't conceive of anything that would be like terrestrially based that could lead to that.

Probably so.

Probably so.

Probably so.

But we know that there's now – I've just recently read a paper – With the deglaciation and the isostatic rebound, there were earthquakes in excess of 11 on the Richter scale. Wow. Now, if you know how the Richter scale works, it's exponential. So that, you know, eight on the Richter scale is 10 times more powerful than seven. Nine is 10 times more powerful than an eight.

But we know that there's now – I've just recently read a paper – With the deglaciation and the isostatic rebound, there were earthquakes in excess of 11 on the Richter scale. Wow. Now, if you know how the Richter scale works, it's exponential. So that, you know, eight on the Richter scale is 10 times more powerful than seven. Nine is 10 times more powerful than an eight.

But we know that there's now – I've just recently read a paper – With the deglaciation and the isostatic rebound, there were earthquakes in excess of 11 on the Richter scale. Wow. Now, if you know how the Richter scale works, it's exponential. So that, you know, eight on the Richter scale is 10 times more powerful than seven. Nine is 10 times more powerful than an eight.

Well, imagine like the biggest earthquake in North America was the great earthquake in Alaska of 1964. And that was about right at just about nine on the Richter scale. So there were earthquakes at the end of the last ice age that were a hundred times greater than that.

Well, imagine like the biggest earthquake in North America was the great earthquake in Alaska of 1964. And that was about right at just about nine on the Richter scale. So there were earthquakes at the end of the last ice age that were a hundred times greater than that.

Well, imagine like the biggest earthquake in North America was the great earthquake in Alaska of 1964. And that was about right at just about nine on the Richter scale. So there were earthquakes at the end of the last ice age that were a hundred times greater than that.

Yeah. Yeah. So, I mean, you got to throw, and then there's also evidence of massive volcanism because this movement of these trillions of tons of mass over the surface of the earth triggered gigantic volcanic eruptions. So Putting all of this together and trying to figure out it's going to be a major piece of work to do that, because now you're going to have feedbacks within feedbacks.

Yeah. Yeah. So, I mean, you got to throw, and then there's also evidence of massive volcanism because this movement of these trillions of tons of mass over the surface of the earth triggered gigantic volcanic eruptions. So Putting all of this together and trying to figure out it's going to be a major piece of work to do that, because now you're going to have feedbacks within feedbacks.

Yeah. Yeah. So, I mean, you got to throw, and then there's also evidence of massive volcanism because this movement of these trillions of tons of mass over the surface of the earth triggered gigantic volcanic eruptions. So Putting all of this together and trying to figure out it's going to be a major piece of work to do that, because now you're going to have feedbacks within feedbacks.