Randall Carlson

An esker, like if you've got a fracture in the ice sheet and water is flowing through that fracture and it's laden with sediment, and then when the final flow disperses, it leaves this sinuous trail of till, serpentine almost like, and that'll be an esker. Drumlins are extremely interesting. Drumlins only show up where the glaciers have been.

An esker, like if you've got a fracture in the ice sheet and water is flowing through that fracture and it's laden with sediment, and then when the final flow disperses, it leaves this sinuous trail of till, serpentine almost like, and that'll be an esker. Drumlins are extremely interesting. Drumlins only show up where the glaciers have been.

Because you can see if water is discharging from the glacier, like you see in this image here, as soon as it moves outside the glacier itself, it now has a free surface. So it changes the whole... pressure regime of that water flow. When it's still under the ice sheet, you know, you've got this roof, you've got this lid.

Because you can see if water is discharging from the glacier, like you see in this image here, as soon as it moves outside the glacier itself, it now has a free surface. So it changes the whole... pressure regime of that water flow. When it's still under the ice sheet, you know, you've got this roof, you've got this lid.

Because you can see if water is discharging from the glacier, like you see in this image here, as soon as it moves outside the glacier itself, it now has a free surface. So it changes the whole... pressure regime of that water flow. When it's still under the ice sheet, you know, you've got this roof, you've got this lid.

So if you've got a lot of water melting, flowing under there, it's now, it's got much greater pressure on its bottom. So what it does is it takes that ground mass, the till, which is completely chaotic and disorganized, and it begins to shape it into these aerodynamic or fluvial dynamic would be a more correct term, uh, elongated shapes that are almost like the inverted hull of a boat or a canoe.

So if you've got a lot of water melting, flowing under there, it's now, it's got much greater pressure on its bottom. So what it does is it takes that ground mass, the till, which is completely chaotic and disorganized, and it begins to shape it into these aerodynamic or fluvial dynamic would be a more correct term, uh, elongated shapes that are almost like the inverted hull of a boat or a canoe.

So if you've got a lot of water melting, flowing under there, it's now, it's got much greater pressure on its bottom. So what it does is it takes that ground mass, the till, which is completely chaotic and disorganized, and it begins to shape it into these aerodynamic or fluvial dynamic would be a more correct term, uh, elongated shapes that are almost like the inverted hull of a boat or a canoe.

Um, and there can be thousands of them. Um, tell you what, Ryan, if you go, uh, go to Google maps, are we still in terrain view? Uh, perfect. Okay. So now go over to Lake Ontario, New York, Western New York. You're going to see something that's pretty amazing here. Okay, you see Rochester there. Okay, before you zoom in, stop right there for a second, okay?

Um, and there can be thousands of them. Um, tell you what, Ryan, if you go, uh, go to Google maps, are we still in terrain view? Uh, perfect. Okay. So now go over to Lake Ontario, New York, Western New York. You're going to see something that's pretty amazing here. Okay, you see Rochester there. Okay, before you zoom in, stop right there for a second, okay?

Um, and there can be thousands of them. Um, tell you what, Ryan, if you go, uh, go to Google maps, are we still in terrain view? Uh, perfect. Okay. So now go over to Lake Ontario, New York, Western New York. You're going to see something that's pretty amazing here. Okay, you see Rochester there. Okay, before you zoom in, stop right there for a second, okay?

So you got the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and then you see the Finger Lakes? Okay, the Finger Lakes are produced by catastrophic outburst flooding. And when they were formed, it's almost certain that the margin of the ice sheet Corresponded with the northern edges, the northern end of the Finger Lakes. One thing to notice if you look at the lakes, they actually are radial. You can see they...

So you got the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and then you see the Finger Lakes? Okay, the Finger Lakes are produced by catastrophic outburst flooding. And when they were formed, it's almost certain that the margin of the ice sheet Corresponded with the northern edges, the northern end of the Finger Lakes. One thing to notice if you look at the lakes, they actually are radial. You can see they...

So you got the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and then you see the Finger Lakes? Okay, the Finger Lakes are produced by catastrophic outburst flooding. And when they were formed, it's almost certain that the margin of the ice sheet Corresponded with the northern edges, the northern end of the Finger Lakes. One thing to notice if you look at the lakes, they actually are radial. You can see they...

They converge onto an area. If you draw along the axis of those Finger Lakes, they converge on a point in a basin in Eastern Ontario. Now, yeah, now start zooming in just above. Okay, we're starting to see the Drumlin swarms. Zoom in a little more, Ryan. Go up. There we go. Zoom in on those. You see all those forms, those elongated hills? That is a drumlin swarm.

They converge onto an area. If you draw along the axis of those Finger Lakes, they converge on a point in a basin in Eastern Ontario. Now, yeah, now start zooming in just above. Okay, we're starting to see the Drumlin swarms. Zoom in a little more, Ryan. Go up. There we go. Zoom in on those. You see all those forms, those elongated hills? That is a drumlin swarm.

They converge onto an area. If you draw along the axis of those Finger Lakes, they converge on a point in a basin in Eastern Ontario. Now, yeah, now start zooming in just above. Okay, we're starting to see the Drumlin swarms. Zoom in a little more, Ryan. Go up. There we go. Zoom in on those. You see all those forms, those elongated hills? That is a drumlin swarm.

And this was formed by catastrophic subglacial, highly pressurized water flowing. And then when it discharged from the ice sheet, it carved the finger lakes.

And this was formed by catastrophic subglacial, highly pressurized water flowing. And then when it discharged from the ice sheet, it carved the finger lakes.

And this was formed by catastrophic subglacial, highly pressurized water flowing. And then when it discharged from the ice sheet, it carved the finger lakes.