Randall Carlson

Species loss is a direct result, a direct function of habitat loss. Habitat loss is going to be the direct result of catastrophic events. And we have to go back at least 3 million years to find a species loss on the scale of the terminal Pleistocene, all the big creatures we were just seeing.

Species loss is a direct result, a direct function of habitat loss. Habitat loss is going to be the direct result of catastrophic events. And we have to go back at least 3 million years to find a species loss on the scale of the terminal Pleistocene, all the big creatures we were just seeing.

Species loss is a direct result, a direct function of habitat loss. Habitat loss is going to be the direct result of catastrophic events. And we have to go back at least 3 million years to find a species loss on the scale of the terminal Pleistocene, all the big creatures we were just seeing.

Exactly. Yeah, because if we talk about Pleistocene mammalia, North America lost three-quarters of its megafauna. We define megafauna as 44 kilograms body weight, which is about 100 pounds. So North America and South America both lost about three-quarters of their megamammals. Eurasia lost about 35%, and Africa lost about 10%. What does that tell you?

Exactly. Yeah, because if we talk about Pleistocene mammalia, North America lost three-quarters of its megafauna. We define megafauna as 44 kilograms body weight, which is about 100 pounds. So North America and South America both lost about three-quarters of their megamammals. Eurasia lost about 35%, and Africa lost about 10%. What does that tell you?

Exactly. Yeah, because if we talk about Pleistocene mammalia, North America lost three-quarters of its megafauna. We define megafauna as 44 kilograms body weight, which is about 100 pounds. So North America and South America both lost about three-quarters of their megamammals. Eurasia lost about 35%, and Africa lost about 10%. What does that tell you?

Tells you that, you know, if there was one place that probably was the least dramatically affected by these changes, it was African. It was probably like the Eastern African highlands around Kenya and that area, the great rift zone. That area I think was kind of a refugium, if you will. Um, Northern Africa, I think got blasted, you know, uh, the Nile river, uh,

Tells you that, you know, if there was one place that probably was the least dramatically affected by these changes, it was African. It was probably like the Eastern African highlands around Kenya and that area, the great rift zone. That area I think was kind of a refugium, if you will. Um, Northern Africa, I think got blasted, you know, uh, the Nile river, uh,

Tells you that, you know, if there was one place that probably was the least dramatically affected by these changes, it was African. It was probably like the Eastern African highlands around Kenya and that area, the great rift zone. That area I think was kind of a refugium, if you will. Um, Northern Africa, I think got blasted, you know, uh, the Nile river, uh,

Same thing, there were gigantic floods flowing north into the eastern Mediterranean, dated right there to the Younger Dryas, 12,000, 13,000 years ago. Several papers I've read, one of them was called, you know, referred to it as the Wild Nile. Another paper is actually going back to the 1800s, where they discovered freshwater, like Serena Flores, Cerano fluvialis, I believe it's called.

Same thing, there were gigantic floods flowing north into the eastern Mediterranean, dated right there to the Younger Dryas, 12,000, 13,000 years ago. Several papers I've read, one of them was called, you know, referred to it as the Wild Nile. Another paper is actually going back to the 1800s, where they discovered freshwater, like Serena Flores, Cerano fluvialis, I believe it's called.

Same thing, there were gigantic floods flowing north into the eastern Mediterranean, dated right there to the Younger Dryas, 12,000, 13,000 years ago. Several papers I've read, one of them was called, you know, referred to it as the Wild Nile. Another paper is actually going back to the 1800s, where they discovered freshwater, like Serena Flores, Cerano fluvialis, I believe it's called.

It was a type of freshwater mussel that lives, or snail, I forget which, that lives in the modern Nile. And they've found deposits of these guys 150 feet above the modern floodplain of the Nile. They've also found huge deposits in the eastern Mediterranean that looked like it was outwashed from the Nile. So there were apparently major floods in the Nile River.

It was a type of freshwater mussel that lives, or snail, I forget which, that lives in the modern Nile. And they've found deposits of these guys 150 feet above the modern floodplain of the Nile. They've also found huge deposits in the eastern Mediterranean that looked like it was outwashed from the Nile. So there were apparently major floods in the Nile River.

It was a type of freshwater mussel that lives, or snail, I forget which, that lives in the modern Nile. And they've found deposits of these guys 150 feet above the modern floodplain of the Nile. They've also found huge deposits in the eastern Mediterranean that looked like it was outwashed from the Nile. So there were apparently major floods in the Nile River.

Pretty much every river on earth at some point. Certainly all the rivers in North America. I haven't found a single river in North America that's not in an underfit to its valley, its channel that it's flowing in. So, but when you get to some of these rivers, like the ones we've been looking at here, Grand Coulee and all, we're looking at direct discharge from the ice sheets.

Pretty much every river on earth at some point. Certainly all the rivers in North America. I haven't found a single river in North America that's not in an underfit to its valley, its channel that it's flowing in. So, but when you get to some of these rivers, like the ones we've been looking at here, Grand Coulee and all, we're looking at direct discharge from the ice sheets.

Pretty much every river on earth at some point. Certainly all the rivers in North America. I haven't found a single river in North America that's not in an underfit to its valley, its channel that it's flowing in. So, but when you get to some of these rivers, like the ones we've been looking at here, Grand Coulee and all, we're looking at direct discharge from the ice sheets.

However, we can see evidence for gigantic flows and floods that were far removed from the ice sheets. So we can't blame it directly on rapid melting of the ice sheets. But, I mean, it has to be pluvial, meaning rainfall, extreme rainfall.

However, we can see evidence for gigantic flows and floods that were far removed from the ice sheets. So we can't blame it directly on rapid melting of the ice sheets. But, I mean, it has to be pluvial, meaning rainfall, extreme rainfall.