Randall Carlson

The bottom third or fourth of it, which could have been several hundred thousand cubic miles, um, when it melted, it all had to discharge to the south. And, uh, Like if we go to this graphic, this is basically what we see now in terms of distribution of ice. You see ice over the Arctic Ocean. You see ice over Greenland. We don't see Antarctica, but Antarctica is the greatest mass of...

The bottom third or fourth of it, which could have been several hundred thousand cubic miles, um, when it melted, it all had to discharge to the south. And, uh, Like if we go to this graphic, this is basically what we see now in terms of distribution of ice. You see ice over the Arctic Ocean. You see ice over Greenland. We don't see Antarctica, but Antarctica is the greatest mass of...

The bottom third or fourth of it, which could have been several hundred thousand cubic miles, um, when it melted, it all had to discharge to the south. And, uh, Like if we go to this graphic, this is basically what we see now in terms of distribution of ice. You see ice over the Arctic Ocean. You see ice over Greenland. We don't see Antarctica, but Antarctica is the greatest mass of...

uh, of, of glacial ice and maybe 5 million cubic miles of ice roughly, I think. So the Greenland ice sheet that you see there, if we could pick that up and set it over the Western mountains of Canada and Northern United States, that would have been roughly about the same mass as the Cordier and ice sheet. If we look at the.

uh, of, of glacial ice and maybe 5 million cubic miles of ice roughly, I think. So the Greenland ice sheet that you see there, if we could pick that up and set it over the Western mountains of Canada and Northern United States, that would have been roughly about the same mass as the Cordier and ice sheet. If we look at the.

uh, of, of glacial ice and maybe 5 million cubic miles of ice roughly, I think. So the Greenland ice sheet that you see there, if we could pick that up and set it over the Western mountains of Canada and Northern United States, that would have been roughly about the same mass as the Cordier and ice sheet. If we look at the.

The Antarctic ice sheet on the South Pole, that was about the mass of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Laurentide ice sheet was roughly centered over what is now Hudson Bay. And so that was where the ice was at least a mile and a half thick. Well, with that much ice on the land, it compressed, called isostatic depression.

The Antarctic ice sheet on the South Pole, that was about the mass of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Laurentide ice sheet was roughly centered over what is now Hudson Bay. And so that was where the ice was at least a mile and a half thick. Well, with that much ice on the land, it compressed, called isostatic depression.

The Antarctic ice sheet on the South Pole, that was about the mass of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Laurentide ice sheet was roughly centered over what is now Hudson Bay. And so that was where the ice was at least a mile and a half thick. Well, with that much ice on the land, it compressed, called isostatic depression.

And the analogy I always use, look, we're sitting on these cushions right here, right? So it's creating an isostatic depression. And if we stand up, then you have isostatic compensation. The ice, it... rebounds, right? But as soon as we sit down, it compresses it.

And the analogy I always use, look, we're sitting on these cushions right here, right? So it's creating an isostatic depression. And if we stand up, then you have isostatic compensation. The ice, it... rebounds, right? But as soon as we sit down, it compresses it.

And the analogy I always use, look, we're sitting on these cushions right here, right? So it's creating an isostatic depression. And if we stand up, then you have isostatic compensation. The ice, it... rebounds, right? But as soon as we sit down, it compresses it.

So there are shorelines more than 1,000 feet above Hudson Bay, which were the result of the uplift of the land after the ice was removed, right? So Hudson Bay, think of that. That was roughly the center. Uh, the Southern, you see all of look where all of the great lakes were, they were all under the ice, the Laurentide ice sheet. Um, again, because the sea level is 400 feet lower.

So there are shorelines more than 1,000 feet above Hudson Bay, which were the result of the uplift of the land after the ice was removed, right? So Hudson Bay, think of that. That was roughly the center. Uh, the Southern, you see all of look where all of the great lakes were, they were all under the ice, the Laurentide ice sheet. Um, again, because the sea level is 400 feet lower.

So there are shorelines more than 1,000 feet above Hudson Bay, which were the result of the uplift of the land after the ice was removed, right? So Hudson Bay, think of that. That was roughly the center. Uh, the Southern, you see all of look where all of the great lakes were, they were all under the ice, the Laurentide ice sheet. Um, again, because the sea level is 400 feet lower.

If you go to the next slide, Ryan, we'll kind of get the configuration of 15 to 20,000 years ago during what's called the late glacial maximum. And. There is as much ice there that you would have to more than double the amount of glacial ice combined, Greenland and Antarctica. And it's all gone now. It's gone.

If you go to the next slide, Ryan, we'll kind of get the configuration of 15 to 20,000 years ago during what's called the late glacial maximum. And. There is as much ice there that you would have to more than double the amount of glacial ice combined, Greenland and Antarctica. And it's all gone now. It's gone.

If you go to the next slide, Ryan, we'll kind of get the configuration of 15 to 20,000 years ago during what's called the late glacial maximum. And. There is as much ice there that you would have to more than double the amount of glacial ice combined, Greenland and Antarctica. And it's all gone now. It's gone.

Now, the other question that's raised that's worthy of discussion is that in order to melt that ice, you have to have heat energy. And we won't have time to get into it today, but in the early 70s, geologists were looking at this and climatologists.

Now, the other question that's raised that's worthy of discussion is that in order to melt that ice, you have to have heat energy. And we won't have time to get into it today, but in the early 70s, geologists were looking at this and climatologists.