Sarah Paine

And these little ships,

They've had all sorts of fun things on board, sonar, radar, depth charges, hedgehogs.

And so they transform commerce rating into a low-life expectancy profession.

So that in May of 43, the Germans lose 41 U-boats.

That's unsustainable.

That's a massive percentage of what they have.

And in one of those encounters...

I think it's about 25 U-boats going after a convoy of 37 ships, sink nothing, lose three U-boats, plus another one damaged.

And on one of these U-boats is Admiral Dunitz's 19-year-old son, Peter, who dies in all of this.

So Dunitz, as a result, redeploys the U-boats out of the North Atlantic because it's unsustainable for Germany south of the Azores.

And yet there are problems going on with the Arctic convoy that takes a quarter of the Lend-Lease aid to Stalin.

And it gets called off for much of 42 and much of 43.

And I'll get into it.

But that problem gets solved.

And then you can see where all the kills are.

And the Germans are losing U-boats closer and closer to home shores.

So the Battle of the Atlantic is won by the Allies in part by reducing merchantman losses through convoys, evasive convoys, and also increasing U-boat losses through all these different technologies and also reading their mail, which helps to find them.

But one could argue even more important,

was the civilian side of it.

The United States' ability to just overwhelm Germany with the construction of U.S.