Sarah Paine

Well, his disdain for the target would cost him.

And he noted later on, when he's trying to account for why the Battle of Guadalcanal is going so badly for Japan, he said, the aim of supply and transport to the front has not even been half fulfilled each time.

It led those on the

Army, to be extremely skeptical about the Navy and thinking that the Navy is just sacrificing the Army.

Well, no kidding, that's what the Army thought.

Because for an expeditionary force, you absolutely need the Navy to deliver you there, to maintain your supplies there.

And they're thinking, the Army's thinking, you Navy are being irresponsible, not doing any of these things.

So there are tremendous inter-service rivalries between the Army and Navy in Japan.

And it goes back to the pre-war budget wars where Japan's a resourced poor country and both services have what they consider absolutely essential things to be funded.

Japan didn't have the money to fund both.

And then when you get in war and you start expending these things, you need even more money.

And so the disagreements were brutal.

But before I get there, the in-group, out-group differences that stovepipe things and cause problems aren't simply between Army and Navy.

They're within each service.

So I'm going to start there.

And to be fair, I'm going to provide one example for each service.

I'll start with the Army.

It was the Guangdong army or Japan's army in Manchuria that decided to invade all of Manchuria back in 31.

It was not the home office back in Tokyo, but it's this branch that turns out kicks off a 15-year war.

So these folks think that they know what's best for Japan and how best to defend the empire, and they're just off and running.