Sean B. Carroll

But salmon, when they come upstream to spawn, and when those salmon are then taken, for example, by predators and eaten on stream banks and all that sort of stuff, a lot of the nutrients that they bring from the ocean get into the forest, and you can map those nutrients right into the growth of those trees.

But salmon, when they come upstream to spawn, and when those salmon are then taken, for example, by predators and eaten on stream banks and all that sort of stuff, a lot of the nutrients that they bring from the ocean get into the forest, and you can map those nutrients right into the growth of those trees.

But salmon, when they come upstream to spawn, and when those salmon are then taken, for example, by predators and eaten on stream banks and all that sort of stuff, a lot of the nutrients that they bring from the ocean get into the forest, and you can map those nutrients right into the growth of those trees.

So it turns out that salmon are like a conveyor belt for nutrients coming from the ocean into these trees.

So it turns out that salmon are like a conveyor belt for nutrients coming from the ocean into these trees.

So it turns out that salmon are like a conveyor belt for nutrients coming from the ocean into these trees.

forests alongside these rivers so who would have thought that right I mean it's just sort of stunning to think that trees are somehow influenced by salmon yeah and as you know a lot of those rivers have been dammed that's blocked off the salmon well that has effect on the rivers that has effect on the forests around those rivers and so again there's a lot now there's a huge movement

forests alongside these rivers so who would have thought that right I mean it's just sort of stunning to think that trees are somehow influenced by salmon yeah and as you know a lot of those rivers have been dammed that's blocked off the salmon well that has effect on the rivers that has effect on the forests around those rivers and so again there's a lot now there's a huge movement

forests alongside these rivers so who would have thought that right I mean it's just sort of stunning to think that trees are somehow influenced by salmon yeah and as you know a lot of those rivers have been dammed that's blocked off the salmon well that has effect on the rivers that has effect on the forests around those rivers and so again there's a lot now there's a huge movement

There's a lot of dams being taken down in the West and biologists are monitoring what's going on. And as the salmon populations come back, you can actually see the nutrients moving up those rivers again. So these strong indirect effects, the idea is that salmon would influence trees or that otters would influence the kelp forest. For example, the number of

There's a lot of dams being taken down in the West and biologists are monitoring what's going on. And as the salmon populations come back, you can actually see the nutrients moving up those rivers again. So these strong indirect effects, the idea is that salmon would influence trees or that otters would influence the kelp forest. For example, the number of

There's a lot of dams being taken down in the West and biologists are monitoring what's going on. And as the salmon populations come back, you can actually see the nutrients moving up those rivers again. So these strong indirect effects, the idea is that salmon would influence trees or that otters would influence the kelp forest. For example, the number of

will the beast on the serengeti influences the numbers of giraffe i can go through that again that explanation as well these strong indirect effects these domino effects that that ripple through a system they're they really were unexpected and they it you know it's it so almost everyone is a sort of just surprised when it's discovered that um these the dependence of species on each other are not obvious uh you have to sort of map these out

will the beast on the serengeti influences the numbers of giraffe i can go through that again that explanation as well these strong indirect effects these domino effects that that ripple through a system they're they really were unexpected and they it you know it's it so almost everyone is a sort of just surprised when it's discovered that um these the dependence of species on each other are not obvious uh you have to sort of map these out

will the beast on the serengeti influences the numbers of giraffe i can go through that again that explanation as well these strong indirect effects these domino effects that that ripple through a system they're they really were unexpected and they it you know it's it so almost everyone is a sort of just surprised when it's discovered that um these the dependence of species on each other are not obvious uh you have to sort of map these out

yeah that's part that's partly why they're doing well but the hunting really wouldn't have been that significant until the deer herds exploded in the early part of the 20th century so deer when you know when wolves roamed the lower 48 and abundant and you know in large numbers uh deer numbers were i'm going to take a stab at maybe a 50th or a hundredth of what they are now i spent a lot of time in the state of wisconsin

yeah that's part that's partly why they're doing well but the hunting really wouldn't have been that significant until the deer herds exploded in the early part of the 20th century so deer when you know when wolves roamed the lower 48 and abundant and you know in large numbers uh deer numbers were i'm going to take a stab at maybe a 50th or a hundredth of what they are now i spent a lot of time in the state of wisconsin

yeah that's part that's partly why they're doing well but the hunting really wouldn't have been that significant until the deer herds exploded in the early part of the 20th century so deer when you know when wolves roamed the lower 48 and abundant and you know in large numbers uh deer numbers were i'm going to take a stab at maybe a 50th or a hundredth of what they are now i spent a lot of time in the state of wisconsin

And I mean, the annual deer hunt is a huge thing culturally and the deer herd is enormous, but some of the pioneering ecologists of the 20th century understood that that was a huge change from say that from the 19th century and that deer exploded when you took away their predators.

And I mean, the annual deer hunt is a huge thing culturally and the deer herd is enormous, but some of the pioneering ecologists of the 20th century understood that that was a huge change from say that from the 19th century and that deer exploded when you took away their predators.