SPEAKER_04

Places like Roche, et cetera, actually my most recent company we sold to 10X Genomics, which enables them now because of a patent I created back in 2011 to

to scale up the amount of information that we can collect at a time, that then when layered on top of what, for instance, 10X Genomics already did, which is doing what's called single-cell genomic analysis, we could scale that up 100-fold to get 100-fold amount the information.

But the problem with that is that I can collect all that data and make an analysis of a cancer for you, but it might be a little bit different than another person.

So what we have to do then is develop techniques that allow us to narrow in on what the differences might be so that when I develop a drug for person X, it works for person X and not for person Y, right, the right way.

So there's a lot of personalization in medicine that is required.

The diversity that makes humanity great and that makes humanity able to survive in the face of so many challenges is that there are individual differences that one person might survive and another won't.

It's the same thing with cancers.

And it's the same thing with drugs.

I mean, you know, for instance, with certain drugs, one of the first things I learned in pharmacology when I was, you know, way back in the day is that there's always a benefit to damage ratio that you're having to deal with.

That a drug has a positive outcome, but there are side effects.

And so as scientists or as clinicians, we make a choice based on the statistics.

Who will benefit the most and will it benefit the most?

But by the way, there's all these side effects that might affect you.

And overall, globally, 60% of people will survive.

But since I don't know anything more about your specific disease, I am, by law, required to give you the 60% drug until I know or can distinguish that your disease is a different subclass than the 60%.

And that's, in fact, a lot of what pharmaceutical companies are doing is they're trying to marry a diagnostic to the disease itself, the disease subtype itself, so that if you can show that 90% of the people of this kind of subclass will survive,

You have to, by law, choose that diagnostic to make sure that the person doesn't have the subclass before you give them the 60% drug.

Does that make sense?

And my mother, when we were kids, I mean, I'm 64 years old.

So when I was a kid, we'd go to the beach in Connecticut and they'd smother me in coconut oil.