Stuart Russell

occurs by essentially removing one by one these assumptions that make problems easy, like the assumption of complete observability of the situation.

If we remove that assumption, you need a much more complicated kind of computing design.

You need something that actually keeps track of all the things you can't see and tries to estimate what's going on.

And there's inevitable uncertainty in that.

So it becomes a much more complicated problem.

But we are removing those assumptions.

We are starting to have algorithms that can cope with much longer timescales, that can cope with uncertainty, that can cope with partial observability.

And so each of those steps sort of magnifies by a thousand the range of things that we can do with AI systems.

Well, I think I would have said that it's unlikely we could take the kind of algorithm that was used for chess and just get it to scale up and work well for Go.

And at the time, what we thought was that in order to solve Go, we would have to do something similar to the way humans manage the complexity of Go, which is to break it down into kind of sub-games.

So when a human thinks about a Go board, they think about different parts of the board as sort of weakly connected to each other.

And they think about, okay, within this part of the board, here's how things could go.

In that part of the board, here's how things could go.

And then you try to sort of couple those two analyses together and deal with the interactions and maybe revise your views of how things are going to go in each part.

And then you've got maybe five, six, seven, ten parts of the board.

And that actually resembles...

the real world much more than chess does because in the real world you know we have work we have home life we have sport you know whatever different kinds of activities you know shopping

These all are connected to each other, but they're weakly connected.

So when I'm typing a paper, I don't simultaneously have to decide which order I'm going to get the milk and the butter.

That doesn't affect the typing.