Tom Grylls

So looking at like maximum technical feasible reduction pathways, which is like the way of saying, if we just used all available technology around the world and finance the solutions, we could reduce black carbon emissions globally by 80%.

So the technology already exists to rapidly reduce black carbon because of this association with inefficient burning and open burning.

But business as usual from that same study suggests that we'll reduce it by 3%.

So the big question is how are we able to support and finance these solutions to stay sustainable?

That brick kiln project is an amazing example, as you said, where the companies and the business model works and is being scaled up and is being looked at elsewhere.

Yeah, I think there's...

It really depends on the solution that we're talking about.

I think lots of the sources of black carbon come down to household and community activities where there's a really important element of understanding

the cultural, social, economic drivers for why people might be using that fuel or burning that waste.

And that kind of project requires, I think, a different type of intervention and much more of a people's oriented approach to understanding systematically what is the reason for this

often burning practice to create a sustainable alternative and to think about what that means at like the household level.

And that applies to things like lighting and cooking and heating of people's homes.

And then you have other solutions on black carbon, like

off-road machinery as one.

We often talk in climate mitigation about the transport sector and about electrification of the vehicle fleet, and lots of progress is being made in lots of places around that.

from the construction side, you often have businesses who are controlling large fleets of this machinery.

So if you can convince those companies on the viability and the option to convert to cleaner, more efficient machines, which have

a lower running cost, then suddenly you can achieve that at scale.

But then if you look at the agricultural side and tractors, often that's run by individuals and farmholds.

So the approach to scaling up that change is very different.