Chapter 1: What is the main topic discussed in this episode?
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Go to retool.com slash vox. We all need to retool how we build software. Megan Rapinoe here. This week on A Touch More, our Captain America, Hilary Knight, is joining us to talk about her storybook career. And the March Madness bracket is out, and we have thoughts and predictions to share. Plus, we're also taking a look at the NWSL's blockbuster opening weekend.
Check out the latest episode of A Touch More wherever you get your podcasts and on YouTube. This episode includes descriptions of violence and sexual assault. Please use discretion. On December 23, 2020, Bella Quinto Collins was home from college to celebrate the holidays with her family in California. We had gone to my mom's work. They just had a small get together, you know, masks on.
And I grew up at my mom's work, really. So they're kind of like a second family. So we kind of spent the afternoon with them, I guess, and then came home and were just relaxing together. A few months earlier, Bella's mother and Bella's two adult brothers had moved into a new house in a town called Antioch, near San Francisco.
When Bella and her mother Cassandra had come back from seeing Cassandra's colleagues that day, Bella's oldest brother, Angelo, was in his room sleeping. Cassandra says she went to his bedroom. Because there was a package for him, you know, a package that he's been waiting for for a while. So I knocked on his door and kind of woke him up. And he's like, oh, thank you, mom. Just leave it there.
And then, you know, he, I went out and he just went back to sleep. When the pandemic hit, Angelo, who was 12 years older than Bella, had lost his job and moved in with Cassandra. Before that, Angelo had joined the U.S. Navy. It was his dream career. But because of an allergy, he'd left during boot camp in 2019. Now he was trying to figure out what he wanted to do next.
He liked gaming and was thinking about becoming a game designer. After talking to Angelo, Cassandra went to the living room, and at some point, she fell asleep on the couch. Then, around 10 p.m., Angelo woke her up. And I said, yes, what do you want? He goes, what's for dinner? And I was kind of upset about that because, I mean, he usually cooks for himself. He loves to cook.
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Chapter 2: What happened to Angelo Quinto on December 23, 2020?
At some point, another two police officers showed up. Cassandra and Bella say that first one officer, and then another, had their knee on Angelo's neck. They say it went on for over four minutes. The police later said that an officer, quote, briefly for a few seconds, had a knee across a portion of Angelo's shoulder blade. We reached out to the Antioch Police Department for comment.
We didn't hear back. What was he saying? Please don't kill me. Please don't kill me. The officers called an ambulance and asked for help with a mental health crisis. They asked for a code two, meaning as quick as you can, but not an emergency. Two of the police officers later said they'd responded to Angelo's previous incident when he was trying to climb a fence.
And one of them said that he thought Angelo had behaved in a similar way. He wasn't making sense. Cassandra decided to get her phone out to start recording what was going on. Because I wanted Angela to go to therapy and to go to a psychiatrist so that he could be properly medicated. Whenever I talked to him about his episodes, you know, he could not believe that he did that.
So this particular time, I made sure to record it, you know. So the next day, I would have him listen to it, and he's going to go, okay, mom. One of the police officers told Cassandra that Angela wasn't under arrest, and that he would be transferred to a hospital for evaluation, because it seemed like he might be a danger to himself or others.
Cassandra said that Angelo hadn't been attacking them, but that he had been hallucinating and paranoid and didn't want to be alone. One of the police officers said, that's why he's going to the hospital, not to jail. Angelo had gone quiet. I asked them twice, actually, if he was asleep, because I want them to, you know, check on how he's doing.
Angela was still lying on the floor with his hands handcuffed behind his back, and it became clear that he was unconscious. One of the police officers said, what's going on with him? It actually became very quiet as soon as they saw, as soon as they flipped him and they saw blood coming out from his mouth and, you know, rolled up, his eyes rolled up to his head. It became very quiet.
When Cassandra's video starts, two police officers are standing over Angelo, trying to communicate with him. They're wearing face masks and blue rubber gloves. The officers move Angelo onto his side, and one of them rubs his chest. There's blood on Angelo's face. What happened? Angelo. Angelo. Angelo. The officers unlock the handcuffs and move Angelo onto a stretcher. Cassandra follows them.
There's blood on the bedroom floor where Angelo had been lying face down. They start doing CPR on Angelo. Then they push the stretcher out of the house and into an ambulance. I'm Phoebe Judge. This is Criminal. When Angela was rolled out of the house on a stretcher, Bella says she thought he looked purple. Angela was rushed to the hospital.
Cassandra and Bella had to stay back to answer questions from the police. They said they were going to take us to the police station. And I said, why? To be interviewed, they said. And I go, well, you know, they already did ask questions just a little while ago. And they said, don't worry, we're just, it's just going to be, you know, like, it's the same questions.
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Chapter 3: How did Angelo's family describe his behavior before the police arrived?
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Excited delirium is this term that has a really contentious history, a racist history, and it's used to describe a collection of symptoms. Reporter Renu Ryasam. But there's no diagnostic code for it. There's no blood test for it. There's no way to test for it. I should note delirium is a clinical term. It is something that people see in emergency rooms and hospitals.
But the term excited delirium, it's kind of in some ways made up. It was first used in the 1980s. If you think about the 1980s in the U.S., there was a cocaine epidemic. It was gripping much of the country. And there was a South Florida forensic pathologist named Charles Wetley. In 1985, Charles Wetley co-authored a paper on what he called cocaine-induced psychosis and excited delirium.
He looked at the deaths of seven people, mostly men, who had used cocaine, They'd all been restrained, usually by police, one of them by ER staff, and suddenly died. He wrote that all seven had intense paranoia, followed by, quote, bizarre and violent behavior, and sometimes, quote, unexpected strength.
And he said, these are people who are scared, they were violent, they were panicked, then they were restrained, and then they died suddenly. And the problem with this theory is it was purely speculative, and it didn't look at the role that restraints might have played in these deaths.
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Chapter 4: What led Bella to call 911 during the incident?
What happened was I showed him the pictures from our autopsy that showed the petechial hemorrhages in Mr. Quinto's eyes. And so he looked at them, and he looked at them again and again and again and again. And Dr. Ogan actually acknowledged that, yes, those are petechial hemorrhages, and that in his view,
They take time to develop, and that they simply hadn't developed at the time that he did Angelo's autopsy. What he said is that the restraint also played a role in Mr. Quinto's death. The pathologist said that if he had found the petechial hemorrhages when he did his autopsy, he would have added asphyxiation to his diagnosis. But he still believed the excited delirium diagnosis was right.
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After that, we began to see biodiversity in that soil again. To be organic certified, our cows need to be in pasture at least 120 days. I think the organic practices really benefit our animals. You know, having good feed, good water, a nice light area, that's what's important to us and that's what's important to Stonyfield. Visit stonyfield.com to find Stonyfield Organic Yogurt near you.
After the idea of excited delirium was proposed in the 1980s, it started gaining momentum. In October 2008, a three-day conference on deaths that occurred in police custody was held at a hotel in Las Vegas. It was sponsored by something called the Institute for the Prevention of In-Custody Deaths. Speakers included doctors, pathologists, and scientists.
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Chapter 5: What was the police response when they arrived at the Quinto home?
Renu Ryasam says that conference on in-custody deaths became a turning point. From that conference emerged what ended up being this really influential white paper, Unexcited Delirium. It's called the White Paper Unexcited Delirium Syndrome. So a white paper, it's like in this sort of medical or scientific context, a white paper is kind of like a detailed guide or report on a topic.
The white paper was published by the American College of Emergency Physicians in 2009. The authors of the paper were 19 doctors, many of them professors of emergency medicine. A few of them had worked with Taser in some capacity. We reached out to Axon, the company that makes Tasers, for comment. We didn't hear back.
So if you read the paper, you go back and read the 2009 white paper from the American College of Emergency Physicians, it sort of lays out, okay, what they think excited delirium is. And it presents this research. Of course, all the research is sort of circular. It's from the same group of experts that have been talking about the theory in the first place. Okay.
And they say, okay, there are no biological markers for excited delirium. Again, there's no tests or standard diagnostic criteria, but they lay out what they say are these features. If someone has superhuman strength or really high pain tolerance or rapid breathing, then they have excited delirium.
The white paper listed other signs that someone might have excited delirium, such as a, quote, failure to respond to police presence, profuse sweating, and a, quote, attraction to glass or reflective surfaces. I had never heard of this thing called excited delirium, and I was troubled and curious.
In 2020, Arjun Baiju was a medical student doing a research fellowship at a hospital in Rochester, New York. when a man named Daniel Prude was brought to the intensive care unit after an incident which included being restrained by police. Arjun didn't treat the man, but later he heard about him and about how his autopsy had listed excited delirium syndrome as a cause of death.
Arjun says he asked some of his professors about it, but none of them had heard about excited delirium syndrome. Groups like the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the WHO didn't recognize it. So Arjun started doing his own research. Well, I just started with Google, like everyone does.
And the first things that came up were a lot of police training material, manuals from police departments across the country, videos about it on YouTube for training purposes. Arjun says the training materials he found almost always mentioned superhuman strength and how to deal with it. Somebody with excited delirium can't be taken down with the normal de-escalation techniques, verbal cues.
They say they need many officers. They say that they need many electroshocks. A news organization called New York Focus got access to Rochester police training materials on excited delirium, created in 2016, and found that a lot of it appeared to come from a poster published by the Institute for the Prevention of In-Custody Deaths, the organization that had been started by a lawyer at Taser.
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Chapter 6: What were the reactions of Angelo's family during the police encounter?
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We're also on YouTube at youtube.com slash criminal podcast. Criminal is part of the Vox Media Podcast Network. Discover more great shows at podcast.voxmedia.com. I'm Phoebe Judge. This is Criminal. Support for this show comes from Odoo. Running a business is hard enough, so why make it harder with a dozen different apps that don't talk to each other? Introducing Odoo.
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