Dwarkesh Podcast
John Schulman (OpenAI Cofounder) - Reasoning, RLHF, & Plan for 2027 AGI
15 May 2024
Full Episode
Today, I have the pleasure to speak with John Schulman, who is one of the co-founders of OpenAI and leads the post-training team here. And he also led the creation of ChatGPT and is the author of many of the most important and widely cited papers in AI and RL, including PPO and many others. So, John, really excited to chat with you. Thanks for coming on the podcast.
Thanks for having me on the podcast. I'm a big fan. Thank you. Thank you for saying that. So the first question I had is, we have these distinctions between pre-training and post-training. Beyond what is actually happening in terms of loss function and training regimes, I'm just curious, taking a step back conceptually, what kind of thing is pre-training creating?
What does post-training do on top of that?
In pre-training, you're basically training to imitate all of the content on the internet or on the web, including websites and code and so forth. So you get a model that can basically generate content that looks like random web pages from the internet. The model is also trained to maximize likelihood, where it has to put a probability on everything.
So the objective is basically predicting the next token given the previous tokens. Tokens are like words or parts of words. And since the model has to put a probability on it, and we're training to maximize log probability, it ends up being very calibrated. So it can not only generate all of this, the content of the web, it can also assign probabilities to everything.
So the base model can effectively take on all of these different personas or generate all these different kinds of content. And then when we do post-training, we're usually targeting a narrower range of behavior where We basically want the model to behave like this kind of chat assistant. And it's a more specific persona where it's trying to be helpful. It's not trying to imitate a person.
It's answering your questions or doing your tasks. we're optimizing on a different objective, which is more about producing outputs that humans will like and find useful as opposed to just trying to imitate this raw content from the web. Yeah. Okay.
I think maybe I should take a step back and ask, right now we have these models that are pretty good at acting as chatbots. Just taking a step back from how these processes were currently, what were the models released by the end of, kinds of things the models released at the end of the year will be capable of doing?
What do you see the progress looking like five, you know, carry this forward for the next five years?
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