Faith Adjacent

Instagram Heresy 2: Motherhood, Kristin Stewart, and The Hulk

23 Apr 2026

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another installment of Instagram Heresy! Join Erin and Evan as they unpack listener-submitted memes, reels, and posts. Along the way, ...

Favored or Forsaken: Women Shaping the Church, The Manosphere, and Post-Easter Roundup

16 Apr 2026

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Evan as we discuss awesome women who are shaping the church, what’s going on w...

Passed Over Snake Draft

09 Apr 2026

Contributed by Lukas

In honor of Passover, we’re holding a Passed Over Snake Draft. Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss biblical concepts or faith themes that have ...

SWDGISS: Atonement Theories

02 Apr 2026

Contributed by Lukas

What’s the deal with theories of atonement? In this latest Stuff We Didn’t Get in Sunday School Episode, Erin and Evan discuss popular atonement t...

The NOs of Easter: Easter Spectacles, Sunrise Services, and Easter Bunny Anatomy

26 Mar 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re unpacking listener stories about Easter! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we share our personal yeses that are definitely nos for everyone...

Favored or Forsaken: The Great Controversy, Medical Assistance Thoughts, and an Upcoming Bible-Based RPG

19 Mar 2026

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! We talk about The Great Controversy, share our varied thoughts on medically assisted suicide, and dig...

Leaving Christian Nationalism with Reverend Rob Schenck

12 Mar 2026

Contributed by Lukas

The very reverent (or irreverent) Rob Schenck is joining Erin in this very special episode! Reverend Rob shares his transformative journey from a prom...

Saint Patrick: Irish Pirates, Doorways to Purgatory, and Snakes(?)

05 Mar 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Who the hell is Saint Patrick? In honor of the upcoming St. Patrick’s Day, we thought we should do a deep-dive on the guy who started it all. Join E...

Biblical Kids Dodgeball Tournament with Meredith Anne Miller

26 Feb 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Have you ever wondered which Bible characters would absolutely dominate the dodgeball court? Today, we invited our friend Meredith Anne Miller to draf...

The Faith Adjacent History of the Olympics, Interviews with Real Olympians, and Biblical Bobsled Competitions

19 Feb 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Step up to the podium alongside this gold medal-worthy replay episode as Erin presents a Faith Adjacent deep dive of the Olympics! We’ll go faster, ...

Favored or Forsaken: James Dobson in the Epstein Files, Giving Feedback to the Pope, and AI Prayer Rings

12 Feb 2026

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss the recent news that James Dobson’s name has appeared in t...

The Faith Adjacent Thunderdome III: Crowdsourced Chaos

05 Feb 2026

Contributed by Lukas

It is time to enter the Thunderdome for a third time! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as faith adjacent contenders go head-to-head! You’ll hear competiti...

Office Hours: Church Faithfulness, Emotional Connections with God, and Faith Conversations with Your Kids

29 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Got questions that don’t quite fit the vibe for your pastor or your therapist? That’s where we come in. Join Knox, Jamie, and Erin as we tackle li...

Sacred Cinema: Wake Up Dead Man

22 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Get ready to solve some religious crimes of passion because we’re talking about Wake Up Dead Man: A Knives Out Story. Join Erin and Evan as we unpac...

Favored or Forsaken: Philip Yancey, Plagiarizing Sermons, and Deer Jerky Ministry

15 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our first Favored or Forsaken of 2026! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss Philip Yancey, plagiarizing sermons, and deer jerky mi...

Our Prophecies for 2026

08 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We’re starting off the year with our 2026 prophecies! Join Erin, Jamie, and Evan as we discuss what we hope to see, what we think we’ll see, and w...

Faith Adjacent Visits The Dead Sea Scrolls

01 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We went on a field trip, and we’re here to tell you about it! Join Erin, Evan, Knox, and Jamie as we discuss our yeses and nos of experiencing the D...

The NOs of Christmas

18 Dec 2025

Contributed by Lukas

For our final main feed episode of 2025, we’re talking about our NOs of Christmas! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we discuss listener stories about c...

Is 2025 Favored or Forsaken?

11 Dec 2025

Contributed by Lukas

As 2025 comes to a close, we thought we would pick our most favored and most forsaken topics of the year! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss thi...

Beth Allison Barr: A Knight’s Tale, Medieval History, and Becoming the Pastor’s Wife

04 Dec 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In this very special episode, Erin and Evan are joined by rare two-time guest Beth Allison Barr! Listen along as we discuss her latest book, Becoming ...

The Faith Adjacent Thanksgiving Day Parade

27 Nov 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re replacing The Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade with the Faith Adjacent Thanksgiving Parade! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we share our ...

Favored or Forsaken: Woke Nuns, TikTok Baby Formula Test, and Tiny Jesuses

20 Nov 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken episode! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we discuss woke nuns, a TikTok social experiment, and the recen...

Weird Ministries

13 Nov 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Get your worship flags ready and warm up that hot tub because we’re talking about weird ministries! Join Erin and Evan as we discuss listener commen...

SWDGISS: Inerrancy

06 Nov 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In today’s latest Stuff We Didn’t Get in Sunday School, we’re unpacking Biblical Inerrancy! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss the history...

The NOs of Evangelism

30 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Do you have a moment for me to tell you about our latest Faith Adjacent episode? Today we’re evangelizing about The NOs of Evangelism! Join Erin, Ev...

Sacred Cinema: Star Wars

23 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In honor of the release of our Rogue One and Andor episode bundle at The Faith Adjacent Shop, we’re sharing our Sacred Cinema of the movie that star...

No Small Endeavor Special Presentation

20 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we're sharing an episode of the No Small Endeavor podcast. These days, our culture is marked by political unrest, polarization, and anxiety. Be...

Favored or Forsaken: Anglican Leadership, Maverick City Music, and a CCM Super Bowl Halftime Show Alternative

16 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss the first female Archbishop of Canterbury, the current shake...

Better Ways to Read the Bible with Zach Lambert

09 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Zach Lambert, Pastor and author of Better Ways to Read the Bible, is joining Erin and Evan to answer your questions! You’ll hear questions about eng...

Erin and Jamie Special Edition: Rapture Theology, Astrology, Deconstruction, and More

02 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

While Evan is OOO, Jamie and Erin are doing their own Q&A! You’ll learn about the relatively recent history of rapture theology, some tips for a...

The Faith Adjacent Hall of Fame

25 Sep 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re holding an induction ceremony into the Faith Adjacent Hall of Fame! You’ll hear about people and concepts that have been foundational...

Favored or Forsaken: Charlie Kirk, Plastic Surgery, and Fall Movie Preview

18 Sep 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken episode! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we reflect on Charlie Kirk’s death, discuss whether or not Ch...

Jesus End-of-Summer Road Trip

11 Sep 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Gas up the tank and buckle up because we’re taking you on an end-of-summer road trip! Hop in the car with Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss real C...

Women of the Bible Cruise with Dr. Ingrid Faro

04 Sep 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Prepare to set sail on a Women of the Bible cruise with Erin, Evan, and special guest Dr. Ingrid Faro in this episode presented by Zondervan. We each ...

I Hate That I Love It

28 Aug 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re discussing all the things we hate that we love and the things we love to hate about Christian culture, both past and present. Join Erin...

Favored or Forsaken: Doug Wilson, Movie Premieres at The Kennedy Center, and Hot Priests

21 Aug 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another Favored or Forsaken episode! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we discuss Doug Wilson’s recent CNN interview, happenings over at...

The Faith Adjacency of Godspell

14 Aug 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Blow your shofar and don your clown makeup, because we’re talking about Godspell! In honor of our Broadway Bundle release at The Faith Adjacent Shop...

The Faith Adjacency of Shiny Happy People: A Teenage Holy War

07 Aug 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Cue the fog machine and get ready to work through your religious trauma because we’re talking about Shiny Happy People: A Teenage Holy War. Join Eri...

The NOs of Women's Ministry

31 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re unpacking listener stories about women’s ministry! Join Erin, Jamie, and Evan as we unpack comments about communion clowns, “modest...

Chip and Joanna Gaines, Controversial Women's Conferences, and Is Pixar's Elio Teaching our Kids to Summon Demons?

24 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another Favored or Forsaken! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we discuss Turning Point USA’s Young Women’s Leadership Summit, Christi...

Biblical Poetry with David Gate

17 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Dust off your iambic pentameters and hold on to your rhyming couplets because we’re talking about Biblical poetry today! Join Erin, Evan, and the Of...

Spicy Christian Scandals

10 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re talking about the spiciest scandals in all of Christendom. Join Jamie and Erin as they discuss topics such as celebrity pastors, the co...

The Faith Adjacency of Captain America: The First Avenger

03 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

On the eve of America’s birthday, we thought the best way to celebrate was by discussing the faith adjacency of the most patriotic of all superheroe...

June Office Hours and Recent Happenings at The Faith Adjacent Seminary

26 Jun 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another Office Hours episode! Join Knox, Jamie, and Erin as they answer your questions about things like pride, conspiracy theories, m...

The Faith Adjacency of Juneteenth with Robert Callahan, II

19 Jun 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re joined by icon in Faith Adjacent lore, Robert Callahan, to discuss the faith adjacency of Juneteenth. You’ll get a full deep-dive on ...

Favored or Forsaken: Civil Disobedience, Fourth Wing, and Animated Jesus

12 Jun 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss Christians and civil disobedience, whether or not Fourth Win...

The NOs of VBS

05 Jun 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Learn your hand motions and get ready to flamingle because we’re talking about the NOs of VBS! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we give you the history...

SWDGISS: Angels and Recent Happenings at The Faith Adjacent Seminary

29 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re donning our halos and settling into the throne room because we’re talking all about angels! In this latest Stuff We Didn’t Get In S...

Biblical Leader Mount Rushmore with Bethny Ricks

22 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re establishing the Best Leaders of the Bible Mount Rushmore with very special guest Bethny Ricks! She picks the four top leaders from the...

Christian Nashville-ism, Eradicating Anti-Christian Bias, and Church Voting Rights

15 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss praying in the capitol, the state of Christianity in Nashvil...

Sacred Cinema: Conclave

08 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

With the real-life conclave currently happening, we thought it was only fitting to assemble our entire team to discuss the film Conclave. Join Knox, J...

Papal Dinner party

01 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

These protestants are hosting a dinner party for the popes! Join Erin and Evan as they invite various popes throughout history to the hottest party in...

The NOs of DNow and Recent Happenings at The Faith Adjacent Seminary

24 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Cue the fog machines and get ready to play some group games because we’re talking about the NOs of DNow. We’ll give you a full rundown on this you...

Favored of Forsaken: Christian Networking in Silicon Valley, Suing over Tariffs, and Spiritual Care for the “Nones”

17 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss spiritual care for the non-religious, Christianity in Silico...

I Kid You Not: What The Hell Do We Say To Our Kids?

10 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another I Kid You Not episode as Erin and Meredith help you figure out how to talk to the kids in your life about their faith as it re...

Decoding Christianese

03 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

God put it on our hearts to help you decode popular Christianese phrases! Do life with Erin, Jamie, and Evan as we decide what insider lingo gets to s...

The Faith Bible for People Adjacent to Normal

27 Mar 2025

Contributed by Lukas

The cross-over event you’ve been waiting for is finally here! Erin and Evan teamed up with Pete Enns and Jared Byas from The Bible for Normal People...

School Lunches, Boycotts, and Is the U.S. a Negative World?

20 Mar 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for our monthly Favored or Forsaken! Join Erin, Evan, and Jamie as we discuss whose job it is to feed people, what we should think about b...

Sacred Cinema: Heretic

13 Mar 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re discussing the movie that captures our whole “be suspicious of your certainty” vibe, Heretic! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we expl...

The Joshies with Andrew Judd

06 Mar 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In honor of the recent Academy Awards, we’re holding our own ceremony presented by Zondervan in which we give awards to some of the top stories in t...

Lent for Everyone Else, British History Corner, and Donald Miller

27 Feb 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re discussing what other people should give up for Lent. This is a preview of that episode, plus a few clips from more Patreon content thi...

Biblical Romance Superlatives

20 Feb 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re handing out Valentines to Biblical characters! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as you find out things like who is most likely to have a secr...

Mark Wahlberg, Bible Innovations, and Does God Care about Sports?

13 Feb 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another Favored or Forsaken! Join Knox, Jamie, and Evan as we discuss whether or not God cares about sports, a-listers in faith-based ...

Amish Romance, The New York Times Best Vibes List, and Instagram Posts Turned into Books

06 Feb 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re talking about the NOs of Christian books! Join Erin, Jamie, and Evan as we discuss things like the Evangelical fascination with the Ami...

I've Got Questions about I've Got Questions

30 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In celebration of Erin’s upcoming book I’ve Got Questions, we’re answering your questions about wrestling with God! You’ll hear Erin, Jamie, a...

Changing Your Mind, President Carter, and The Faith Adjacency of New Year’s Resolutions

23 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

It’s time for another favored or forsaken! Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan as we talk about what it looks like to change your mind on very public issues,...

Communion of the Saints, Paul Versus Jesus, and When is a Small Group Too Big?

16 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We invite you to step into our office as we answer your questions! Join Knox, Jamie, and Erin as we discuss things like Paul’s writing is better tha...

2025 Prophecies

09 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We’re breaking out the umin and thummin and proclaiming our 2025 prophecies! Join Erin, Jamie, and Evan as we discuss what we hope to see, what we t...

Sibling Rivalries: Cain and Abel

02 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

For our first episode of 2025, we’re joining you at the beginning of your year in the Bible reading plan to discuss Cain and Abel! You’ll hear Kno...

Sacred Cinema: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe

26 Dec 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Step into our magical wardrobe as we unpack The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe. Join Knox, Jamie, and Erin as they discus...

Is 2024 Favored or Forsaken?

19 Dec 2024

Contributed by Lukas

For our final Favored or Forsaken episode of 2024, we’re bringing our top favored and forsaken items from the year to the table! Listen along as Eri...

The Bible Office Holiday Party Superlatives

12 Dec 2024

Contributed by Lukas

You are cordially invited to the hottest office holiday party of the season! We’ve assembled your favorite characters from the Bible, and we’ll be...

The Ghosts of Cringe Christians Past

05 Dec 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Today, we’re discussing listener stories of the most cringe, holier-than-thou moments of our past. Join Erin, Jamie, and Evan as we unpack our own s...

The Messy History of Thanksgiving, A Thanksgiving Benediction, and Why Green Been Casserole is the Best Side Dish

28 Nov 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Thanksgiving is the perfect time for holiday-themed reruns, so that’s exactly what we’re offering you today! Join Resident Bible Scholar Erin Moon...

Favored or Forsaken: Staying in Relationship (or Not) with People Who Voted Differently Than You

21 Nov 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Many of us have a lot of feelings post-election, so today we’re staging a debate about whether or not you should stay in relationship with people wh...

Christians and Conspiracy Theories, Part 2: Elvis, Big Pharma, and Wayfair

14 Nov 2024

Contributed by Lukas

We’re continuing our conversation on Christians and conspiracy theories by unpacking various popular conspiracy theories. Join Jamie, Erin, and Evan...

Christians and Conspiracy Theories, Part 1

07 Nov 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Pour yourself a glass of raw milk and settle into Reddit because we’re talking about Christians and conspiracy theories! Join Erin, Jamie, and Evan ...

Jesusween II, The Faith Adjacency of Coco, Faith Conversations with Kids

31 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In honor of Halloween, we invite you to go trick or treating with us as we present clips of exclusive episodes from Patreon and The Faith Adjacent Sho...

Guardian Angels, Infant Baptism, and Why Should We Pray?

24 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Office Hours episode, Erin, Jamie, and Knox answer your questions! You’ll hear about guardian angels, infant baptism, living in an ec...

The Chosen Expanded Universe, People of Faith Not Voting, and Are Men Now More Religious than Women?

17 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Favored or Forsaken episode, Erin, Jamie, and Evan discuss The Chosen expanded universe, recent reports about people of faith not votin...

Disney and The Devil

10 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Is Disney favored or forsaken? Join Resident Bible Scholar Erin Moon and Resident Disney Scholar Evan Dodson as they unpack the religious boycotts of ...

Need A Lift? with Tim Shriver

09 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

We interrupt our regularly scheduled programming to share an episode of Need a Lift? a show that focuses on bringing people together during a tough ti...

The Secret Lives of Christian Wives (and Husbands)

03 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

You’ve heard of the Secret Lives of Mormon Wives, but what about The Secret Lives of Christian Wives (and Husbands)? Jamie, Erin, and Evan each pick...

Sacred Cinema: God's Not Dead

26 Sep 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Get ready to text everyone in your contacts list and defend your faith because Erin and Evan are discussing God’s Not Dead. You’ll hear about favo...

The Secret Lives of Mormon Wives, Single-Issue Voting, and Men Who Dislike Women

19 Sep 2024

Contributed by Lukas

It is time for another Favored or Forsaken in which Erin, Evan, and Jamie discuss the secret lives of Mormon wives, single-issue voting, and men who d...

Smutty Romance and the Christian Reader

12 Sep 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Join Erin and Jamie in this spicy page-turner of an episode as they discuss the intersection of Christianity and romance novels. Based on a massive li...

New Theological Mount Rushmore with Dr. Jemar Tisby

05 Sep 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Join Erin, Evan, and our very special guest Jemar Tisby as we establish a new theological Mount Rushmore! We asked Dr. Tisby which theologians and pas...

Enneagram Roast, Sober Spirituality, and The Controversial Faith Adjacent Olympics

29 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

It is technically an off week here on our main feed, so we decided to give you a sampling of all the goodness available over the past few months at Th...

VeggieTales, The Origin of Evil, and Foreskins in the Bible

22 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Office Hours episode, Knox, Jamie, and Erin are answering your questions! You’ll hear conversations about Latin Mass, how to be the b...

Problematic Football Coaches, The Politicization of Having Kids, and the Current State of Christian Cinema

15 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest episode, Erin, Evan, and Jamie are covering various topics and deciding whether they’re favored or forsaken! You’ll hear conversati...

Faith and Politics with Kaitlyn Schiess

08 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Erin and Evan are joined by Kaitlyn Schiess to talk about the intersection of faith and politics! You’ll hear conversations about taking Bible verse...

Creeds Throughout Church History, Face Punching Heretics, and Are There Modern Creeds?

01 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Stuff We Didn’t Get in Sunday School episode, Erin, Jamie, and Evan are talking about Creeds! We’ll look at creeds like the Nicene ...

The Faith Adjacency of The Olympics

25 Jul 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest episode, we’re going faster, higher, and stronger as we discuss the Olympics! Join Erin and Evan as we deep-dive the origins of this ...

The Promised Land, The Robert Morris Controversy, and Recent Conversations about Faith and Pornography

18 Jul 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Favored or Forsaken, Erin, Jamie, and Evan are talking about a recent conversation about pornography, the Robert Morris controversy at ...

Unorthodox Evangelism Tactics, Awkward Prayers, and Mission Trip Shenanigans

11 Jul 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest episode, Erin, Jamie, and Evan are talking about the NOs of Mission Trips! You’ll hear listener stories about praying over digletts, ...

America’s Pastor, The Billy Graham Rules, and When Christianity Gets Political

04 Jul 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this very special star-spangled episode, Erin and Evan are deep-diving America’s Pastor Billy Graham! You’ll hear a full biography on America’...

Sacred Cinema: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone

27 Jun 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Hop aboard the Hogwarts Express, sip on some butter beer, and enjoy this magical deep-dive of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. In this episode...

Precious Moments, Eras VBS, and Recent Happenings at the SBC

20 Jun 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Favored or Forsaken episode, Erin, Jamie, and Evan are chatting about Precious Moments, a Taylor Swift-themed VBS, and the recent South...

Biblical Bridgerton, Angel Numbers, and Struggling to Study Scripture

13 Jun 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this latest Office Hours episode, Knox, Jamie, and Erin are answering your questions! You’ll hear questions about homosexuality in the Bible, why...

Bible Drill: Petty Church Opinions, Kids in Church, and Weaponizing Scripture

06 Jun 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Get your Swords of Truth ready because Erin, Jamie, and Evan are hosting Faith Adjacent’s first Bible Drill. We collected petty church opinions on I...