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Futureproof with Jonathan McCrea

Before Trees - What Were ‘Prototaxites’?

14 Jun 2026

Transcription

Transcript generated automatically by AI and may contain errors.

Chapter 1: What is the main topic discussed in this episode?

1.988 - 20.824 Jonathan McRae

Future Proof with Jonathan McRae. Proudly supported by Research Ireland. On Newstalk. Hello and welcome to Future Proof, the podcast. This is the show where we take a closer look at the world around us. I'm Jonathan McRae. Thank you for downloading, subscribing and rating. Coming up on this week's programme, we're going to be talking about proto-taxites.

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20.939 - 39.376 Jonathan McRae

which is a new word to me, so presumably it's a new word to some of you. These are living creatures that existed before dinosaurs and before even trees. They were very interesting, and an Irish researcher has been studying all about them. We'll be hearing about that in a bit. If you'd like to get in touch with the program, you can email us, scienceatnewstalk.com.

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39.416 - 51.539 Jonathan McRae

We get to all of the comments at the end of the podcast. First up, time to look back at some of the more interesting stories from the world of science this week. We're joined by Dr. Shane Bergen from UCD and associate professor of chemistry at DCU, Susan Keller.

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51.559 - 52.941 Dr. Susan Kelleher

Full title today. I know.

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52.961 - 54.604 Jonathan McRae

I'm an associate professor as well.

54.624 - 55.906 Dr Shane Bergin

Why don't I get my title?

55.947 - 56.628 Jonathan McRae

I don't know.

57.189 - 57.93 Dr Shane Bergin

I think because it's funny.

58.411 - 63.881 Jonathan McRae

I don't know. Shane, our first story has to do with something that I would have thought was obvious.

Chapter 2: What are prototaxites and why are they significant?

64.121 - 68.933 Jonathan McRae

Just thinking about it for four seconds. The problem with mental health diagnosis.

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69.274 - 92.825 Dr Shane Bergin

I would have thought this was absolutely understood as well and well established. And what we're talking about here are the diagnostic tools that psychiatrists and psychologists used to diagnose mental health disorders, things like depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorder or addiction things, right? So what happens is the first thing is to say there are no biomarkers for any of these.

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92.845 - 115.108 Dr Shane Bergin

You can't take a blood test And it'll give you some sort of a signal that says, yes, you are bipolar or you have depression or any of those things. Instead, what happens is a professional has to ask you, take you through an interview and ask you a series of questions. And from that, and of course, your responses, they're able to diagnose you with something or not, right?

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115.428 - 138.078 Dr Shane Bergin

This is the same way that issues of neurodivergence are dealt with as well. So like issues like autism and so on. But this study is shown from McMaster University in psychiatry done by Lara Duncan. I had to look at it twice. Is this Lara from our show? But it's not. What Lara Duncan has done here is looked at the reliability of a test.

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138.679 - 152.078 Dr Shane Bergin

So they looked at people who had been tested between 2024 and 2025 and they looked for test and retest reliability. In other words, if I was a psychiatrist and I asked you a series of questions and then you were diagnosed with

152.058 - 173.053 Dr Shane Bergin

whatever and Susan came in the next day she's also a psychiatrist and she asked you the questions how reliable would the outcome be and they found that there is a great deal of doubt right that they were not as reliable as perhaps we were led to believe and they used very statistical tools in order to talk about the reliability in question and

173.033 - 190.211 Dr Shane Bergin

I think that's, it's a little shocking that I would have just thought that was the case anyway, because these things are not, there is no objective thing. So I'm going to ask you perhaps, like, how many of the last seven days did you feel sad or anxious? They're very subjective things, right?

190.231 - 213.104 Jonathan McRae

They are, but they're not necessarily even subjective to me. But then, of course, there's the act of the observer, right? If the psychiatrist who's asking a question is a man and it's a big room that the person feels uncomfortable in, or it's a woman that they know very well and have been working with for such a long time and they feel very close to, are they going to have the same answers?

213.144 - 213.925 Jonathan McRae

Of course they're not.

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