Project Geospatial
Activity Overview
Episode publication activity over the past year
Episodes
FOSS4GNA 2023 | Geo Unleashed: How Apache Sedona is Revolutionizing Geospatial Data Analysis
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: - The speaker introduces themselves as a co-founder and Chief Architect of We Robots. - They discuss the challenges of analyzing geospatial d...
FOSS4GNA 2023 | An Introduction and Background to the E84 Geospatial Radar Report - Robert Cheetham
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: Robert Cheetham, Chief Strategy Officer at Element 84, discusses the development of a geospatial technology radar inspired by ThoughtWorks...
FOSS4GNA 2023 | What We Owe One Another: The Political Economy of Open Source - Paul Ramsey
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: - Paul Ramsey is giving a keynote at the FOSS4GNA 2023 event. - They express gratitude towards the organizing committee and acknowledge the h...
FOSS4GNA 2023 | You Can't Get There From Here Alone - Brian Timoney
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: Brian Timoney, a prominent figure in the geospatial community, delivers a talk on community and geographic knowledge at FOSS4GNA 2023. He dis...
FOSS4GNA 2023 - FOSS4G: A network of projects and users elevating OSGeo - Vicky Vergara
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary Vicky Vergara delivers the keynote address at FOSS4GNA 2023, highlighting the collaborative and inclusive nature of OSGeo (Open Source Geospat...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Towards a Cloud Native Spatial Data Infrastructure - Chris Holmes
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: Chris Holmes, the keynote speaker at FOSS4G NA 2023, discussed the progress made in building a queryable Earth and highlighted the need for a...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Panel: Open Science Meets FOSS4G
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: FOSS4G NA 2023 panel discussion on "Open Science Meets FOSS4G" explores collaborative efforts between NASA, Earth Mover, NOAA, and ...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Openness as a Strategic Advantage - Will Cadell
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary Openness as a Strategic Advantage is discussed by Will Cadell in his presentation at FOSS4G NA 2023. Will emphasizes the importance of open te...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Open Source Mapping Library Shoot Out - Courtney Yatteau & George Owen
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Highlights 🌐 Courtney and George compare four open-source web mapping libraries in a shootout, covering strengths, weaknesses, and unique features...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Moving Protomaps from Open Core to Open Source - Brandon Liu
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: Brandon Liu discusses the shift of Protomaps from open core to open source, highlighting the challenges and trends in open source projects, p...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Is it Wrong to Make Money with FOSS4G Technology - Michael Terner
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: FOSS4G NA 2023 speaker, Michael Terner, addresses the question of making money with FOSS4G (Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial) tec...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Investing 1 Million in the Open Ecosystem - Danielle Stollak & Kyle Heisey
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary Danielle Stollak and Kyle Heisey discuss investing $1 million in the open ecosystem at FOSS4G NA 2023. They highlight two key programs at Cesi...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Building FilmDrop - Dan Pilone
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: Building FilmDrop, an open-source platform for Earth observation, involved overcoming challenges and learning key principles. The journey in...
FOSS4G NA 2023 | Building a FOSS4G Forward Product Strategy and Ecosystem - Todd Barr
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary: Todd Barr discusses building a FOSS4G forward product strategy and ecosystem, emphasizing the challenges of product management in the geospat...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Lightning Talk: Aaron Meyers
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary Aaron Meyers discusses the geolocated energy information platform for electric utility customer outages, covering 140 million utility customer...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Lightning Talk: Falguni Patadia
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary NASA's data democratization efforts through the Power project have facilitated the use of satellite and modeling data in decision-making f...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Lightning Talk: Todd Bacastow
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Summary Todd Bacastow presents updates on SpaceNet, a collaboration focused on open-source machine learning for geospatial applications. SpaceNet 8, c...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Panel: Authoritative Data in the Age of AI
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
FOSS4G North America 2023 | FedGeoDay Panel: Authoritative Data in the Age of AI Moderator | Maggie Cawley Panelist | Dr. Michael Tischler Panelist |...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Panel: FOSS4G In Federal Agencies
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
FOSS4G North America | FedGeoDay Panel: FOSS4G In Federal Agencies 2023 Moderator: Aaron Kelley Panelist: Amanda Bright Panelist: Emily Vratarich Pan...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Panel: GIO Roundtable
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
FOSS4G North America 2023 | FedGeoDay GIO ROUNDTABLE PANEL Moderator: David Carter Panelist: Josh Delmonico Panelist: Jesse Rozelle Panelist: Ron Seq...
FEDGEODAY 2023 | Welcome Remarks & Keynote: We are the NSDI
15 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
FOSS4G North America 2023 | FedGeoDay Maggie Cawley | Welcome Remarks Josh Delmonico | Keynote Summary FEDGEODAY 2023 kicks off with Maggie Cawley, ...
Industry Limelight - Radar Labs, Inc - Nick Patrick
23 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In this episode, we interview Nick Patrick is the CEO and Co-Founder of Radar Labs, Inc (https://radar.com). Companies like Panera, DICK’s Sporting...
Geosaurus Unleashed - Disaster Preparedness and Response Panel
18 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
This episode is focused on Disaster Preparedness and Response with a panel of valued professionals. Moderated by T-REX's new Geospatial Director, ...
Beyond the Map Tiles - NUVIEW
06 Jul 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Beyond the Map Tiles is a limited series by IEEE GRSS and Project Geospatial covering a couple topics focused on highlighting innovation and trends th...
Beyond the Map Tiles - Wherobots with Mo Sarwat
29 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Beyond the Map Tiles is a limited series by IEEE GRSS and Project Geospatial covering a couple topics focused on highlighting innovation and trends th...
Geosaurus Unleashed - Introducing DevGlobal
28 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In the episode the T-REX introduces DevGlobal. Spanning Africa, India, and the United States,. DevGlobal supports the world's leading non-profits,...
GEOINT 2023 - NGA- Mark Chatelain
09 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we were honored to be able to interview Mark Chatelain, the CIO-T (Chief Information Officer - Technology) of the National Geospatial-I...
GEOINT 2023 - NRO | A Touch of GEOINT History
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023, we caught up with the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), to learn about their remarkable history in geospatial intelligence. We exp...
GEOINT 2023 - GEOSITE
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Daniela Moody, the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of GEOSITE, where we explore the remarkable evolution of the company...
GEOINT 2023 - Lockheed Martin/NVIDIA
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we spoke with Bob Pette, the General Manager of Enterprise Visualization at NVIDIA, and Lynn Montgomery, a Research Scientist at Lockhe...
GEOINT 2023 - US Treasury - Trey Treadwell
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we had the pleasure of sitting down with Deputy Assistant Secretary Trey Treadwell of the US Treasury, where we delve into the captivat...
GEOINT 2023 - Google
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we met up with Sean Wohltman, Google's Global Head of Cloud Geography, where he sheds light on the transformative power of Google E...
GEOINT 2023 - A SAR Discussion with Tom Ager
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Tom Ager, a renowned figure in the field of remote sensing and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Tom took us on a captiv...
GEOINT 2023 - Quadrint
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Patrick Acheson, a Managing Principal at Quadrint Inc, as he shares the remarkable journey of scaling up their busines...
GEOINT 2023 - Synthetaic
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we met up with Corey Jaskolski, the CEO of Synthetaic, and he discussed with us the significance of object identification in satellite ...
GEOINT 2023 - ICEYE
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we interviewed Eric Jensen, the CEO of ICEYE, and he shed some light on their impressive fleet of satellites, exploring their revisit r...
GEOINT 2023 - SPIRE
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we met up with Iain Goodridge, Senior Director at Spire, where he shared exciting updates on their new satellite launches and the compa...
GEOINT 2023 - IVANTI
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we interviewed Patty Arcano, a Senior Executive, and Mark Robinson, an Account Technical Strategist, both from IVANTI. Join us as they ...
GEOINT 2023 - Asterra
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we met up with Lauren Guy, the CTO and co-founder of Asterra, who discussed their unique offerings in the realm of water monitoring th...
GEOINT 2023 - Umbra Space
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Gabe Dominocielo of Umbra Space gives us insights into Umbra's unique SAR business model as they make waves with their new constellation of high-r...
GEOINT 2023 - NUVIEW
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we met up with Clint Graumann, Co-founder and CEO of NUVIEW. Join us as Clint unveils NUVIEW, a company that has recently emerged from ...
GEOINT 2023 - Cubic
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
About Cubic Cubic creates and delivers technology solutions in transportation that make people’s lives easier by simplifying their daily journeys, ...
GEOINT 2023 - A Discussion with Kevin Pomfret
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Kevin Pomfret, an attorney at Williams Mullen, as he provides valuable insights into the unique challenges and conside...
GEOINT 2023 - Federal Compass
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Cara Addley and Nate Winans from Federal Compass. Join us as they introduce their innovative platform designed to empo...
GEOINT 2023 - GEOINT Forward Recap - ESRI
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we interviewed both Tara Mott and Jeff Dawley from Esri, where we delve into the highlights of GEOINT 2023, the premier geospatial inte...
GEOINT - KLEOS
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we met up with a co-founder of Kleos, Andy Boyer. In this fascinating conversation, Andy dives deep into the extraordinary capabilities...
GEOINT 2023 - NUVOLO
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023, we spoke Paul Head, Director at Nuvolo. Join us as Paul delves into the fascinating world of geospatial analytics and its impact on op...
GEOINT 2023 - TekSynap
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Susan Case, the Vice President of Intelligence Programs at TekSynap. Join us as Susan discusses TekSynap's divers...
GEOINT 2023 - Satellogic
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we sat down with Luciano Giesso, the Head of Global Government Sales at Satellogic. Join us as Luciano sheds light on Satellogic's ...
GEOINT 2023 - Teradata
07 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At GEOINT 2023 we spoke with Brandon Luckadue, an account executive from Teradata. In this captivating discussion, Brandon delves into the intricate w...
The T-REX Innovation Center - An Interview with Patty Hagen, PhD
29 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
The T-REX Innovation Center is located in downtown St Louis and is the home of hundreds of companies, many of them startups and geospatial innovators....
Special Announcement - T-REX & Project Geospatial Partnership
26 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
St Louis, Missouri - Project Geospatial is excited to announce a partnership with the T-REX Innovation Center in Downtown St Louis, Missouri. This par...
Uncovering the Metaverse - A Discussion with Maxar
22 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Join us as we “Uncover the Metaverse” to understand what it is and how it is being used from experts at Maxar who have been working to take the ge...
Geosaurus Unleashed - Maps to Metaverse - Episode 03
19 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Project Geospatial had the pleasure of covering a series of insightful panels at the T-REX Innovation Center organized by Riverside Research. In the t...
Rendered.AI - Chris Andrews
18 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Join us as we learn more about synthetic data with a discussion with Rendered.AI's COO and Head of Product, Chris Andrews. Throughout the discussi...
Geosaurus Unleashed - Maps to Metaverse - Episode 02
12 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In this second episode of "Geosaurus Unleashed: From Maps to Metaverse," four experts from various fields come together to discuss the lates...
Let's Talk Geo - Diving into the Metaverse - Pete Morrison
10 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In this segment we have the pleasure of speaking with Pete Morrison for a deep dive into the topic of the Metaverse getting his insights of what it is...
GEOINT 2023 PreGame Show with Kevin Corbley and Adam Simmons
08 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Join Kevin Corbley and Adam Simmons as they prepare for GEOINT 2023. They dive into the theme, Maps to Metaverse, attempting to decipher its meaning a...
Geosaurus Unleashed - Maps to Metaverse - Episode 01
05 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In this episode of "Geosaurus Unleashed: From Maps to Metaverse," three experts from various fields discuss the evolving trends in AI/ML. Wi...
St Louis Geo Spotlight - The History of Stereotaxy - A Geospatial Perspective with Andrew Youkilis
10 Apr 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In this episode, we're excited to welcome Dr. Andrew Youkilis, a renowned neurosurgeon based in St Louis, Missouri. Dr. Youkilis has been at the ...
FedGeoDay 2022 - "Frontiers of Open Land Imaging for Data Science" Presented by Pete Doucette Ph.D.
09 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
NOTE: This episode had content that is better watched but not required to enjoy. The Sustainable Land Imaging (SLI) Program is a collaboration between...
FedGeoDay 2022 - Value of Open Source Software for Federal Programs
08 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Open source software and sharing code continues to grow in importance that unlocks tremendous potential for Federal programs. Expert practitioners fro...
FedGeoDay 2022 - Open Geospatial Science for Advancing Human Security
08 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Open geospatial data across academic, commercial, and government providers has an omnipresent impact on human security and crisis response operations....
FedGeoDay 2022 - "Driving Federal Collaboration with OpenStreetMap"
08 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
OpenStreetMap and Open mapping continues to grow as a means for Federal agencies to source, edit, share and publish data. Leaders from across ag...
Government Spotlight - Dr. Cindy Daniell - NGA Director of Research
02 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
The mission of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Research Directorate is to deliver future Geospatial-Intelligence (GEOINT) capabiliti...
Geosaurus Unleashed - Culture of Cyber Security
31 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Bad actors in cyberspace pose a significant risk to national security by threatening critical infrastructure, financial assets, and intellectual prope...
FedGeoDay 2022 - Overview with Eddie Pickle
26 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
With our interview with CrunchyData’s Eddie Pickle get the lowdown about the details of what FedGeoDay is all about. If you are interested in attend...
Industry Limelight 2022 August - An Interview with Payam Banazadeh of Capella Space
17 Aug 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Join us as we interview Payam Banazadeh, founder and CEO of Capella Space. Payam gives us a great overview of Capella and introduces us to their new A...
GEOINT 2022 - Civil Air Patrol - Scott Kaplan
24 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Civil Air Patrol operates a fleet of 555 single-engine aircraft and 2,250 small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) and performs about 90% of all search ...
GEOINT 2022 - NGA - Gary Dunow
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Anyone who sails a ship, flies an aircraft, goes into harm’s way, makes national policy decisions, responds to disasters, or navigates with a cellph...
GEOINT 2022 - Spire - Iain Goodridge
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Spire Global is a space-to-cloud analytics company that owns and operates the largest multi-purpose constellation of satellites. Its proprietary data ...
GEOINT 2022 - Umbra Space - Joe Morrison
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
To stay ahead of climate change, geopolitical risk, and other major crises and issues, we need a global understanding of what is changing, where, and ...
GEOINT 2022 - Cognitive Space - Scott Herman
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Cognitive Space is an AI-driven solution for near real-time dynamic mission management, collection planning & optimization, and revenue/performanc...
GEOINT 2022 - EdgyBees - Craig Brower
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Founded in 2016, Edgybees provides accurate geo-registration and augmented reality of aerial video in real time, enabling defense, public safety and c...
GEOINT 2022 - PAR Government - Mike Nelson & Verne LaClair
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
PAR Government is the recognized expert in mobile situational awareness and geospatial technology including full-motion video. Their goal is to help u...
GEOINT 2022 - USIC - Rodney Saffold
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Performing over 80 million locates annually, USIC is the most trusted name in underground utility damage prevention. USIC also provides a full suite o...
GEOINT 2022 - Asterra - Elly Perets & James Perry
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
ASTERRA (formerly Utilis) provides data-driven solutions for water utilities, government agencies and the greater infrastructure industry in the areas...
GEOINT 2022 - Orbital Insight - Kevin O'Brien
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Orbital Insight is the leader in geospatial analytics and location intelligence that helps organizations understand what’s happening on and to the E...
GEOINT 2022 - Civil Applications Committee - Dan Opstal & Scott Kaplan
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
The interagency Civil Applications Committee (CAC) facilitates the appropriate civil uses of overhead remote sensing technologies and data collected b...
GEOINT 2022 - Satellogic - Ryan McKinney & Thomas VanMatre
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Satellogic is a leading provider of high resolution satellite imagery. They drive real outcomes for our customers with daily, actionable, planetary-sc...
GEOINT 2022 - NGA - Kathy Wever
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Anyone who sails a ship, flies an aircraft, goes into harm’s way, makes national policy decisions, responds to disasters, or navigates with a cellph...
GEOINT 2022 - NGA - Rob Shields
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Anyone who sails a ship, flies an aircraft, goes into harm’s way, makes national policy decisions, responds to disasters, or navigates with a cellph...
GEOINT 2022 - ESRI GeoAnalytics Engine
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
As a leading location intelligence platform provider (Forrester Wave 2020), Esri empowers leaders with innovative tools to help create sustainable pro...
GEOINT 2022 - Magadia Consulting, Inc - Debra Wickert, Leroy Burney, and Mark David Jones
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Magadia Consulting is dedicated to providing a level of service that is unparalleled in todays' demanding technological marketplace. Their teams of sp...
GEOINT 2022 - Pixxel - Aakash Parekh
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Pixxel is a space technology company working towards creating the world's highest resolution hyperspectral imaging satellite-imaging constellation. Th...
GEOINT 2022 - Cesium - Brady Moore
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
At the core of Cesium’s mission is to advance 3D geospatial through openness, community, and collaborations. Cesium is an open platform for creating...
GEOINT 2022 - Hydrosat - Peter Fossel
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Hydrosat provides daily, high-resolution thermal and multispectral infrared imagery of the entire Earth. Thermal allows you to visualize heat and reve...
GEOINT 2022 - Rendered.AI - Nathan Kundtz
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Rendered.ai is a platform-as-a-service for data scientists, data engineers, and developers who need to create and deploy unlimited, customized synthet...
GEOINT 2022 - Gitlab - Marc Kriz
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
GitLab is a complete DevOps platform, delivered as a single application, fundamentally changing the way Development, Security, and Ops teams collabora...
GEOINT 2022 - C3AI - Andrew Hoeft
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
C3 AI provides over 40 turnkey Enterprise AI applications that meet the business-critical needs of global enterprises in manufacturing, financial serv...
GEOINT 2022 - Adobe - John Lewington
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Adobe is the global leader in digital media and digital marketing solutions. Their creative, marketing and document solutions empower everyone – fro...
GEOINT 2022 - Kleos - Peter Round & Guillermo Gutiérrez
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
With the creation of distributed sensing and intelligence gathering capability, the Kleos satellites exploit rapidly deployed technologies to reduce r...
GEOINT 2022 - Google - Jeff Spugnardi and Brady Allred
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Google’s services helps governments and companies build a more prosperous and sustainable future for their organization with a comprehensive platfor...
GEOINT 2022 - Tectonix - Mike DiMarco
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
People have grown to believe that big data is unwieldy, cumbersome, slow. Tectonix believes otherwise. They set out to deliver an unmatched data...
GEOINT 2022 - HySpecIQ - Dr. Katie Salvaggio
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
With plans to launch its first series of LEO constellations in 2023, HySpecIQ is positioned to become the world’s leading provider of airborne quali...
GEOINT 2022 - Phase One - Dana Brown
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Phase One is the world’s leader in open-platform, high-end medium format camera systems and solutions. Their products are known for their quality, f...
GEOINT 2022 - NGA - Tim Clayton and Rick Myllenbeck
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Anyone who sails a ship, flies an aircraft, goes into harm’s way, makes national policy decisions, responds to disasters, or navigates with a cellph...
GEOINT 2022 - Descartes Labs Gov - Janie Robinson
11 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Descartes Labs is a technology company that automates the analysis of geospatial data to help organizations answer key questions about the physical wo...
"Let's Talk Geo" with Dr. Shawana Johnson
28 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In this segment we have the honor of speaking with Dr. Shawana Johnson, President of Global Marketing Insights Inc. and Geospatial & Remote Sensin...
Industry Limelight - Kleos Space & Virginia Tech Joint Research Interview
16 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In this segment we learn more about the partnership between Kleos Space and Virginia Tech. Adam Simmons of Project Geospatial, Karyn Hayes-Ryan and Gu...