Stand in the Gap Today

2/6/24 - Discernment in Days of Disinformation

06 Feb 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Discernment in Days of Disinformation. We are joined by Jeff Childers (Attorney; Writer, Coffee and COVID). Topics discussed include: The Need for Dis...

2/5/24 - The ‘Case’ for Ivermectin & Other Health Freedom Advances

05 Feb 2024

Contributed by Lukas

The ‘Case’ for Ivermectin & Other Health Freedom Advances. We are joined by Twila Brase (President and Co-Founder of Citizen’s Council for Healt...

2/2/24 - Ask Sam - Biblical Foundations for Families

02 Feb 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Ask Sam - Biblical Foundations for Families: Episode 50. Topics discussed include: Getting to the Root of the Problem. Be Prepared to Answer. 

2/1/24 - The Great Standoff

01 Feb 2024

Contributed by Lukas

The Great Standoff: Texas vs. The United States. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: The Stand Off Overvie...

1/31/24 - Arab Hatred of Jews

31 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Arab Hatred of Jews: The Historical Roots & Devastating Resolve. We are joined by Bill Salus (Prophecy Depot Ministries). Topics discussed include: De...

1/30/24 - Do We Know What We Believe?

30 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Do We Know What We Believe? A Look at the Essential Christian Doctrines. We are joined by Paul Weaver (Professor, Dallas Theological Seminary). Topics...

1/29/24 - Wake Up

29 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Wake Up: Iran’s Already at War with the West. We are joined by JR McGee (CEO X-Stream Leadership Group). Topics discussed include: Iran Now a Nuclea...

1/26/24 - The Importance of Singing Hymns

26 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

The Importance of Singing Hymns: An Interview with Keith Getty. We are joined by Keith Getty (Writer, Musician). Topics discussed include: Getty Music...

1/25/24 - Apologetics and Creation

25 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Apologetics and Creation: God’s Word & The Skeptics Questions. We are joined by Bryan Osborne (Answers in Genesis). Topics discussed include: It’s...

1/24/24 - A Closer Look at Christian Nationalism

24 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

A Closer Look at Christian Nationalism. We are joined by James Spencer (President, D.L. Moody Center). Topics discussed include: Christian Nationalism...

1/23/24 - Is the Church Biblically Illiterate?

23 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Is the Church Biblically Illiterate? We are joined by Cory Marsh (Professor; Author). Topics discussed include: The Hard Truth: The Church is Biblical...

1/22/24 - Exposing the Dangers of DEI (Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion)

22 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Exposing the Dangers of DEI (Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion). We are joined by Renton Rathbun (Center for Biblical Worldview, Bob Jones University; Pr...

1/19/24 - Elections, Corrupted Elections, No More Elections?

19 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Elections, Corrupted Elections, No More Elections? We are joined by Leo Hohmann (Investigative Reporter, Independent Freelance Journalist). Topics dis...

1/18/24 - Constitutional Unity vs CRT Division

18 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Constitutional Unity vs CRT Division. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: The Foundation for Unity in Amer...

1/17/24 - How Should We Then Pray, Prioritize, & Plan?

17 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

How Should We Then Pray, Prioritize, & Plan? In Light of Biblical Prophecy. We are joined by Carl Broggi (Pastor). Topics discussed include: The Bibli...

1/16/24 - Pro-Life Update

16 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Pro-Life Update: Engaging the Church. We are joined by Josh Kappes (Vice President, Love Life). Topics discussed include: The History of the Prolife M...

1/15/24 - The Nexus of Awareness & Preparation

15 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

The Nexus of Awareness & Preparation. We are joined by JR McGee (CEO X-Stream Leadership Group). Topics discussed include: Awareness & The Biden Weakn...

1/12/24 - Ask Sam - The Most Sobering Reality Many Christians Avoid Mentioning

12 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Ask Sam - The Most Sobering Reality Many Christians Avoid Mentioning: Episode 49. Topics discussed include: Death and Hell. Eternity. The Return of th...

1/11/24 - Artificial Intelligence, Technology & The Christian

11 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Artificial Intelligence, Technology & The Christian: Approaching the Unknown in Days of Deception. We are joined by Patricia Engler (Answers in Genesi...

1/10/24 - 2024 Health Freedom Trends

10 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

2024 Health Freedom Trends: Vigilance Required. We are joined by Twila Brase (President and Co-Founder of Citizen’s Council for Health Freedom). Top...

1/9/24 - Pro-Life Update

09 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Pro-Life Update: Entering Enemy Territory. We are joined by Diane Ferraro (Save the Storks) and Victoria Dean (Bridge Women’s Center). Topics discus...

1/8/24 - Preparing for 2024

08 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Preparing for 2024: 10 Indisputable Trends - 10 Likely Events. We are joined by Leo Hohmann (Investigative Reporter, Independent Freelance Journalist)...

1/5/23 - Defending the Right to Vote

05 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Defending the Right to Vote. We are joined by Nathan Moelker (Attorney, American Center for Law & Justice). Topics discussed include: Looking at Pres....

1/4/24 - Understanding a Citizens Duty in Days of Impending Instability

04 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Understanding a Citizens Duty in Days of Impending Instability. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: Duty: ...

1/3/24 - 2024

03 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

2024: The Year of Impending Instability. We are joined by Bill Koenig (Founder, World Watch Daily; Former White House Correspondent). Topics discussed...

1/2/24 - “True Faith” Test Results Are In

02 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

“True Faith” Test Results Are In: Most American “Christians” Earn an “F”. We are joined by George Barna (Researcher, Speaker, Founder - T...

1/1/24 - Transgenderism Exposed

01 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Transgenderism Exposed: :Biblically, Truthfully, and Lovingly. We are joined by George Carneal (Author of “From Queer to Christ: My Journey into the...

12/29/23 - The APN Story: Part IX

29 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part IX - Forging Ahead, The Next Chapter. Topics discussed include: APN 10th Anniversary Recap. The Response and Reactions. Looking B...

12/28/23 - The APN Story: Part V

28 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part V - From Invisible to Visible. Sam Rohrer and Isaac Crockett are joined by Margaret & Daniel Huber (Managing Partners, Lighthouse ...

12/27/23 - The APN Story: Part IV

27 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part IV - From One to Millions. Sam Rohrer is joined by Susan Loch (WFYL 1180 AM). Denny Mallonee (Pastor; Radio Network Manager). Rick...

12/26/23 - The APN Story: Part 1

26 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part 1 - A Word Fitly Spoken. We are joined by Joel Long (Pastor). Topics discussed include: The APN Story: Gratefulness - The Glorious...

12/25/23 - Christmas & Christmas Traditions in America

25 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Christmas & Christmas Traditions in America. We are joined by Bill Federer (Author, Speaker, and Historian). Topics discussed include: Christmas and t...

12/22/23 - More Than a Song

22 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

More Than a Song: The Spiritual Significance of Carols – Pt. 2. We are joined by Dave Kistler (Evangelist; SIGT Host) and Joe Green (Pastor; SIGT Ho...

12/21/23 - The Most Fearful Christmas in American History

21 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The Most Fearful Christmas in American History. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: Colorado Vs Donald Tru...

12/20/23 - Anticipating 2024

20 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Anticipating 2024: Through God’s Eyes – Pt. 2. We are joined by Carl Broggi (Pastor). Topics discussed include: What God says about Our Time in Hi...

12/19/23 - More Than a Song

19 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

More Than a Song: The Spiritual Significance of Carols – Pt. 1. Jamie Mitchell is joined by Steve Harrelson (Pastor; SIGT Host), Isaac Crockett (Pas...

12/18/23 - Israel at War - Day 73

18 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 73: Supporting God’s Plan, God’s Way. We are joined by JR McGee (CEO X-Stream Leadership Group). Topics discussed include: Pol...

12/15/23 - Ask Sam - Helping the Nations

15 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Ask Sam - Helping the Nations: How America’s Debt Hinders Foreign Aid: Episode 48. Topics discussed include: America Giving Aid to Foreign Countries...

12/14/23 - No Longer Just Secular Humanism

14 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

No Longer Just Secular Humanism: It’s the “Religion” of Sexual Humanism. We are joined by Bodie Hodge (Answers in Genesis). Topics discussed inc...

12/13/23 - Virus Season & More is Here Again

13 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Virus Season & More is Here Again: What to Expect Next? We are joined by Twila Brase (President and Co-Founder of Citizen’s Council for Health Freed...

12/12/23 - Christmas Memories, Music, and Ministry

12 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Christmas Memories, Music, and Ministry. We are joined by Frank Shelton (Evangelist, Author). Topics discussed include: Getting Ready for Christmas. U...

12/11/23 - Anticipating 2024

11 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Anticipating 2024: Through the Eyes of the Beast System Globalists - Pt. 1. We are joined by Leo Hohmann (Investigative Reporter, Independent Freelanc...

12/8/23 - Ask Sam – Choosing to Be Child Free

08 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Ask Sam – Choosing to Be Child Free: Episode 47. Choosing to Be Child Free. Topics discussed include: Deciding to Have Children. What is a DINK? De...

12/7/23 - Private Property

07 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Private Property: The Foundation of Freedom or the Cause of Crime? We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: Pri...

12/6/23 - The (Battle) Campaign of Armageddon

06 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The (Battle) Campaign of Armageddon. We are joined by Bill Salus (Prophecy Depot Ministries). Topics discussed include: An End Time Battle Overview. A...

12/5/23 - The Dangers of Progressive Christianity

05 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The Dangers of Progressive Christianity. We are joined by Renton Rathbun (Center for Biblical Worldview, Bob Jones University; Professor). Topics disc...

12/4/23 - American Insecurity

04 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

American Insecurity: Enemies Without and Within. We are joined by Sam Faddis (Retired CIA Officer, Author). Topics discussed include: American Vulnera...

12/1/23 - A Biblical Plan for a Balanced Budget

01 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A Biblical Plan for a Balanced Budget. Topics discussed include: The Budget Process. How to Make a Budget. What Does the Bible Say?

11/30/23 - Israel at War - Day 55

30 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 55: Prayer in Israel. We are joined by Albert Veksler (Founder, Jerusalem Prayer Breakfast) and Michele Bachmann (Regent Univers...

11/29/23 - Evaluating America’s Economic Health

29 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Evaluating America’s Economic Health: Mid-Term Exam Results. We are joined by Michael Snyder (Author). Topics discussed include: Defining the Econom...

11/28/23 - Under Dark Clouds

28 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Under Dark Clouds: When Trials Are Many and Often. We are joined by Andy Farmer (Pastor; Author). Topics discussed include: When Afflicted by Sickness...

11/27/23 - Israel at War - Day 52

27 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 52: A War of Propaganda and Perception. We are joined by J.R. McGee (X-Treme Leadership Group Founder and CEO; strategic leadershi...

11/24/23 - Youth Ministry Today

24 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Youth Ministry Today: Can This Next Generation Be Rescued? We are joined by Tom Powidski (Youth Pastor). Topics discussed include: This is NOT Your Fa...

11/23/23 - Giving Thanks Goes Beyond Thanksgiving

23 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Giving Thanks Goes Beyond Thanksgiving. Topics discussed include: Thanksgiving Overview. Thanksgiving Focus – To God Be the Glory. Thanksgiving Grat...

11/22/23 - Israel at War - Day 47

22 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 47: The Turkish Threat, Hostages, and the 2 State Noose. We are joined by Bill Koenig (Founder, World Watch Daily; Former White Ho...

11/21/23 - Discipleship, Worldview, and The Church

21 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Discipleship, Worldview, and The Church. Topics discussed include: Barna and Discipleship. State of the Church Report. Return to God Sunday. Return to...

11/20/23 - The Medicare Deception

20 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The Medicare Deception: Avoiding the Health Freedom Trap. We are joined by Twila Brase (President and Co-Founder of Citizen’s Council for Health Fre...

11/17/23 - The APN Story

17 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part IX - Forging Ahead, The Next Chapter. Topics discussed include: APN 10th Anniversary Recap. The Response and Reactions. Looking B...

11/16/23 - The “War” Against Christmas

16 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The “War” Against Christmas: The Arguments, The Answers. We are joined by Rob Webb (Answers in Genesis). Topics discussed include: The Christmas G...

11/15/23 - Israel at War - Day 40

15 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 40: Israel’s Greatest Current Challenge. We are joined by Albert Veksler (Founder, Jerusalem Prayer Breakfast). Topics discussed...

11/14/23 - Hamas’s Historic Hatred of Jews

14 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Listen to hear a voice from Stand in the Gap Today's past. We are going into the archives and rebroadcasting a program with the late Jimmy DeYoung (Pr...

11/13/23 - Israel at War - Day 38

13 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 38: The Increasing Drumbeats of War. We are joined by JR McGee (CEO X-Stream Leadership Group). Topics discussed include: The Late...

11/10/23 - The APN Story

10 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part VIII – The Heartbeat of Stand in the Gap Radio & TV. Sam Rohrer is joined by Steve Harrelson (Pastor; SIGT Host). Dave Kistler (...

11/9/23 - America’s Love Affair with Abortion

09 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

America’s Love Affair with Abortion: Killing Babies is Not Liberty. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: ...

11/8/23 - Israel at War - Day 33

08 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 33: God’s Unfolding Plan for Peace. We are joined by Bill Salus (Prophecy Depot Ministries). Topics discussed include: The Lates...

11/7/23 - Economic Outlook, Obstacles, and Opportunities

07 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Economic Outlook, Obstacles, and Opportunities: Should We Be Worried? We are joined by Ron Joelson (Former Chief Investment Officer). Topics discussed...

11/6/23 - Israel at War - Day 31

06 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 31: The Unholy Rise of Antisemitism. We are joined by Olivier Melnick (Chosen People Ministries; Evangelist; Author). Topics discu...

11/3/23 - The APN Story

03 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part VII – Israel and Prophecy Focused. We are joined by Michele Bachmann (Regent University Dean; Former Congresswoman). Topics disc...

11/2/23 - Good News, Bad News, and More Confirming News

02 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Good News, Bad News, and More Confirming News. We are joined by Twila Brase (President and Co-Founder of Citizen’s Council for Health Freedom). Topi...

11/1/23 - Remembering Persecuted Christians

01 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Remembering Persecuted Christians. We are joined by Todd Nettleton (Voice of the Martyrs). Topics discussed include: International Day of Prayer for P...

10/31/23 - A Biblical Apologetic for Education, Work, and Stewardship

31 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A Biblical Apologetic for Education, Work, and Stewardship. We are joined by Renton Rathbun (Center for Biblical Worldview, Bob Jones University; Prof...

10/30/23 - Israel at War

30 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War – Day 24: Is the World at War? We are joined by Albert Veksler (Founder, Jerusalem Prayer Breakfast). Topics discussed include: The Mo...

10/27/23 - The APN Story

27 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part VI – Biblically Committed. We are joined by George Barna (Director of Research; Cultural Research Center, AZ Christian Universit...

10/26/23 - Rising Anti-Semitism in America

26 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Rising Anti-Semitism in America: The Reasons. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: Rising Anti-Semitism: De...

10/25/23 - Resolving the Palestinian Dilemma

25 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Resolving the Palestinian Dilemma: The Requirements - The Guarantee. We are joined by Carl Broggi (Pastor). Topics discussed include: Understanding: P...

10/24/23 - Pain in the Parsonage

24 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Pain in the Parsonage: Finding Hope After Facing Heartache. We are joined by Krissie Glass (Writer; Speaker; Counselor, Care for Pastors). Topics disc...

10/23/23 - Israel at War

23 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War – Day 17: Could It Happen Here? We are joined by Sam Faddis (Retired CIA Officer, Author). Topics discussed include: War Status Fronts...

10/20/23 - The APN Story

20 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part V - From Invisible to Visible. Sam Rohrer and Isaac Crockett are joined by Margaret & Daniel Huber (Managing Partners, Lighthouse ...

10/19/23 - Apologetics

19 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Apologetics: The Why, How, and Who. We are joined by Bryan Osborne (Answers in Genesis). Topics discussed include: What is Apologetics? Apologetics: T...

10/18/23 - Israel at War - Day 12

18 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 12: Aligning the Prophetic Components. We are joined by Bill Salus (Prophecy Depot Ministries). Topics discussed include: Identify...

10/17/23 - Caring for Clergy

17 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Caring for Clergy: Getting Practical and Personal. We are joined by Jerry Whitely (President, Guardian Financial) and Gary and Cindy Blunier (Chaplain...

10/16/23 - Israel at War - Day 10

16 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War - Day 10: Prophecy, America, Participants, and The Prognosis. We are joined by JR McGee (CEO X-Stream Leadership Group). Topics discusse...

10/13/23 - The APN Story

13 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part IV - From One to Millions. Sam Rohrer is joined by Susan Loch (WFYL 1180 AM). Denny Mallonee (Pastor; Radio Network Manager). Rick...

10/12/23 - Can Atheists Make America Better?

12 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Can Atheists Make America Better? A Conversation with Coach Joe Kennedy. We are joined by Joe Kennedy (Football Coach; Veteran; Author). David New (Co...

10/11/23 - Israel at War

11 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel at War: Day 5. We are joined by Bill Koenig (Founder, World Watch Daily; Former White House Correspondent). Topics discussed include: The Curre...

10/10/23 - Whether The Heart or the Holy Land, The Answer is the Same

10 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Whether The Heart or the Holy Land, The Answer is the Same. We are joined by Paul Pruitt (Exec. Director, Bethel Colony of Mercy; Pastor). Topic discu...

10/9/23 - World War III Unfolding

09 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

World War III Unfolding: Ukraine..Now Israel..China Next? We are joined by Frank Gaffney (Committee on the Present Danger). Topics discussed include: ...

10/6/23 - The APN Story

06 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part 1 - A Word Fitly Spoken. We are joined by Joel Long (Pastor). Topics discussed include: The APN Story: Gratefulness - The Glorious...

10/5/23 - Chaos in America’s Government and Homes Today

05 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Chaos in America’s Government and Homes Today. We are joined by Sean Teis (Pastor; Founder, Life Factors Ministries). Topics discussed include: Chao...

10/4/23 - Coming War & The Looming Global Reset Trigger

04 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Coming War & The Looming Global Reset Trigger. We are joined by Leo Hohmann (Investigative Reporter, Independent Freelance Journalist).Topics discusse...

10/3/23 - Creating an Atmosphere for God to Bring Revival

03 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Creating an Atmosphere for God to Bring Revival: Pt. 2. We are joined by Harold Vaughan (Christlife Ministries). Topics discussed include: Characteris...

10/2/23 - A 7-Year Global Agenda Now Confirmed

02 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A 7-Year Global Agenda Now Confirmed. We are now joined by Michael Snyder (Author). Topics discussed include: The Backdrop, Context, Goals, Methods, a...

9/29/23 - The APN Story

29 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The APN Story: Part III - Providentially Partnered. Sam Rohrer is joined by Colin Hanna (President, Let Freedom Ring USA; Veteran), Michael Hamilton (...

9/28/23 - Analyzing the 2nd Presidential Forum

28 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Analyzing the 2nd Presidential Forum. We are joined by David New (Constitutional Attorney). Topics discussed include: The Presidential Forum Analysis....

9/27/23 - Israel and Our Witness to Jewish People

27 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Israel and Our Witness to Jewish People. We are joined by Carl Broggi (Pastor). Topics discussed include: Israel Update. The Spiritual Condition of Je...

9/26/23 - Is the Church Biblically Illiterate?

26 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Is the Church Biblically Illiterate? We are joined by Cory Marsh (Professor; Author). Topics discussed include: The Hard Truth: The Church is Biblical...

9/25/23 - Sorting Out the Ballot

25 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Sorting Out the Ballot: Having Discernment When Voting. We are joined by Mark Walker (NC Candidate for Governor; Former NC Congressman). Topics discus...

9/22/23 - Walking the Talk

22 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Walking the Talk: Insights on What Christians Believe about Social Issues. We are joined by George Barna (Director of Research; Cultural Research Cent...

9/21/23 - The Religion of “No Religion”

21 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The Religion of “No Religion”. We are joined by Rob Webb (Answers in Genesis). Topics discussed include: Defining Atheism as a Religion. Atheist E...

9/20/23 - Just Say No to COVID 2.0

20 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Just Say No to COVID 2.0. We are joined by Twila Brase (President and Co-Founder of Citizen’s Council for Health Freedom). Topics discussed include:...