The Peter Attia Drive
#336 - AMA #68: Fasting, well-balanced diets, alcohol, exercise for busy people, wearables, emotional health, assessing cardiovascular health, and more
Mon, 17 Feb 2025
View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter tackles a diverse set of listener-submitted questions, covering a wide range of health and performance topics. He dives into assessing cardiovascular health, discussing key biomarkers and risk factors, and breaks down various fasting approaches, including time-restricted eating and prolonged fasting. The conversation also explores the impact of alcohol on health and disease risk, fundamental principles of nutrition, and optimal protein intake. Additionally, he examines the pros and cons of ketogenic and low-carb diets, strategies for building effective exercise routines, and the role of wearables in tracking health metrics. The episode concludes with insights on emotional health, making this a well-rounded discussion packed with practical takeaways for anyone looking to optimize their well-being. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #68 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: Episode format: overview of common health topics based on listener questions [1:30]; How to accurately assess your cardiovascular health [3:00]; The impact of fasting, time-restricted eating, and dietary restriction on metabolic health [9:00]; Alcohol: health risks of consumption, limitations of research, and how to weigh the risks against social and personal enjoyment [13:45]; Principles of a well-balanced diet: macronutrients, micronutrients, protein, energy balance, and more [23:45]; The benefits and drawbacks of ketogenic diets: impact on satiety, metabolic health, athletic performance, lipid levels, and more [29:15]; Protein: best sources for muscle growth, total intake, PDCAAS scoring system, and getting adequate amounts on plant-based diets [36:15]; Creating an effective fitness routine that fits into a busy schedule [41:45]; The role of rest and recovery in a workout routine [46:00]; How to track fitness progress beyond just weight on a scale [48:30]; The best low-impact exercises for individuals with joint issues [52:00]; Wearables: insight vs. compliance, and how to use them effectively [54:45]; How to evaluate the risks and benefits of medical interventions: procedural risks, complication rates, and asking informed questions [59:00]; Sleep: impact on metabolic and cognitive health, and tips for improving sleep quality [1:03:45]; How to identify and address emotional health challenges [1:08:30]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube
Chapter 1: What topics are covered in AMA #68?
Hey everyone, welcome to a sneak peek, Ask Me Anything, or AMA episode of The Drive Podcast. I'm your host, Peter Attia. At the end of this short episode, I'll explain how you can access the AMA episodes in full, along with a ton of other membership benefits we've created. Or you can learn more now by going to peterattiamd.com forward slash subscribe.
So without further delay, here's today's sneak peek of the Ask Me Anything episode. Hey everyone. Welcome to Ask Me Anything, episode number 68. I'm once again joined by my co-host, Nick Stenson. In today's AMA, we're going to go through many of the questions you've submitted to us through the website and summarized as a way to answer some of the most common questions that have come through.
Through this, we'll cover a wide range of topics and frameworks. We cover topics such as how to assess cardiovascular health, including what markers to pay attention to, Talk about intermittent fasting, including prolonged and time-restricted fasting methods, as well as alcohol consumption and its impact on health, as well as the association with certain diseases.
Talk about nutrition, outlining the principles of a well-balanced diet and answering some of your questions about protein intake. We also speak about the benefits and downsides of ketogenic diets and low-carb diets. talk about exercise, including how to create effective fitness routines, the importance of recovery, and we explore the topic of wearables. Lastly, we touch on emotional health.
Needless to say, this is an episode that has something for everyone. If you're a subscriber, you can watch the video on the show notes page. And if you're not a subscriber, you can watch a sneak peek of the video on our YouTube page. Without further delay, I hope you enjoy AMA number 68.
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Chapter 2: How can you assess your cardiovascular health?
Peter, welcome to another AMA. How are you doing? Good. Thanks for having me. Always welcome on your own show. So today, what we're going to do is we actually have gathered all the questions over the past three or so years that people have submitted on the AMA portal. For people who don't know, we have an AMA portal on our website where you can submit a question.
So if anyone hasn't done it, we'll link to it in the show notes. And that way there's questions you have that you want follow up on, whether it's something related to something that happened to you, questions on podcasts, newsletters, whatever it may be. And so that's kind of what today's AMA is going to be. And we'll hit different diseases. We'll hit nutrition. We'll hit exercise.
We'll kind of hit a little bit of everything because as people can imagine, questions came through, included a little bit of everything. So I think we'll just jump into it. But with that being said, anything you want to add before we start with the first question?
The only thing I would add is we talked about maybe if this format, which is more questions, less depth, more of how I would sort of answer questions if I were at a party and people were asking me if people want more of this, but on a personal level. we've talked about accommodating that. Maybe we just do a quarterly episode where I take very specific questions from individuals.
If they want to be acknowledged, do so and do that. Anyway, I think there's just a lot we can play with in this format. Let's just see if folks find this helpful.
Yeah, perfect. First question, how does someone assess their cardiovascular health? It's obviously a topic that we've covered in such a variety of podcasts, very important. You've often talked about number one cause of death, not only in the US, but in the world.
And so kind of in general terms of someone sitting there thinking, okay, I'm curious about where I'm at cardiovascular and as it relates to cardiovascular disease, how would you talk to them about how they can assess where they're at?
So fortunately, if somebody wants to assess their risk of cardiovascular disease, we have a lot of tools to do it. We always start with the obvious, which is often neglected, but we should really know our family history. It's not enough to just know my grandparents lived till such and such an age or my aunt and uncles lived to such and such an age.
Whenever possible, you really want to understand how grandparents, parents, aunts and uncles lived and died. And sometimes it's easier to ask questions like, hey, did they take medication or do they take medication for cholesterol, for blood pressure and understanding those things?
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Chapter 3: What are the benefits of fasting and intermittent fasting?
Chapter 4: How does alcohol consumption affect health?
Whenever possible, you really want to understand how grandparents, parents, aunts and uncles lived and died. And sometimes it's easier to ask questions like, hey, did they take medication or do they take medication for cholesterol, for blood pressure and understanding those things?
Again, some of the patterns that tend to show up here when you see people perishing really young from cardiovascular disease or when you see them requiring procedures. such as revascularization, stents, cabbage, things of that nature, especially at a young age, you have to be thinking about heritable causes of ASCVD.
And again, the two most common are going to be LP little a and some form of familial hypercholesterolemia. Now, the latter is a lot easier to spot because these people have sky high cholesterol levels. The former is much more difficult because virtually nobody is getting their LP little a tested.
And so that's sometimes the individual who themselves is kind of interested in assessing their own risk is the first to figure it out. And then it explains what has happened over generations. So family history, very important. Then you can sort of think about understanding, hey, has there been any damage done to date? And here's where a calcium scan or a CAC can be a very helpful test.
Now, it's not a foolproof test. It has its limitations. But if you think about the process by which damage occurs inside an artery, one of the final stages of that is the calcification of the artery, which actually is a protective mechanism. So the calcification of the artery per se isn't necessarily the thing that's going to kill a person. but it's indicative of very advanced disease.
And if you see calcification in one part of an artery, it's quite likely that you have less remodeled plaque elsewhere in the coronary artery system. And in fact, those could be the ones that are at higher risk. So again, a calcium score in an ideal world is zero, but it's always important to remember that there's about a 15% false negative.
meaning somebody ends up with a negative CAC, calcium score zero. But in fact, if you were to put them into a CT angiogram, which uses finer cuts of a CT and uses contrast after it does the initial calcium score, you'll see in 15% of those cases that there is indeed some calcification and or some soft plaque. So Again, that's one more piece of information.
And again, if you want to go to a level above the CAC, then the CTA is valuable. But now you're experiencing more radiation and you also run the risk of requiring intravenous dye or contrast, which again, it's not a major risk, but it's non-zero. The other things I really think a person can do to assess their risk of cardiovascular disease is obviously look at the lipid profile.
So the two things we care most about here are ApoB and LpA. And the reason for that, of course, is ApoB is the aggregate marker of all of the atherogenic proteins. Because LpA is so disproportionately atherogenic, you have to look at it separately because even an elevated LpA won't show up elevating an ApoB.
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Chapter 5: What principles should guide a well-balanced diet?
None of those things actually matter once you know the ApoB and the LP little a. In fact, the triglyceride level itself doesn't matter unless it's dramatically elevated sort of north of about 400 milligrams per deciliter, at which point you would actually need to manage that as well. Another thing that I think gets so overlooked but is so important is blood pressure.
And it's just too easy to sort of go to the doctor once every two years, get your blood pressure checked, have it come back slightly elevated, have it be attributed to white coat hypertension, and then just sort of walk away from it. But the truth of the matter is...
We know pretty unambiguously at this point that having a blood pressure below 120 over 80 is absolutely the lowest risk and is the best way to reduce one's risk. And to be clear, that means that a blood pressure 130 over 85, which historically would have been considered normal, is anything but normal.
Now, the challenge with measuring blood pressure in the doctor's office is it's almost rarely done correctly. Correctly means sitting there for five minutes, doing nothing, resting before the blood pressure is checked. It also means having a cuff that fits correctly, having the arm at the level of the right atrium, so about mid-chest here, not having your legs crossed when it's checked.
And I always like to check it in duplicate or triplicate. And if a person can do that twice a day for a couple of weeks, once a year, again, not a huge inconvenience in my view, then they can have a real assessment of their blood pressure. The other thing, of course, that's worth stating just for completeness, though I think everybody understands it, is smoking.
If you're a smoker, you're at enormous increased risk of CVD. And of course, the same is true if you're metabolically unhealthy. This can be anything from hyperinsulinemia all the way to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. So those are really the big ones. There's a couple of things I didn't include there. I don't really look at CIMTs. I don't find them to be helpful enough.
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Chapter 6: What are the pros and cons of ketogenic diets?
And I think the data would agree with that. So I think that's probably 80% of risk assessment for cardiovascular disease is captured in what I just said.
If anyone wants to go deeper on any of that, as we said, we have tons of different materials, podcasts, newsletters. We'll link them in the show notes for people who want to dive deeper on any specific piece of that. But next question that gets asked a lot is, how can I use fasting or intermittent fasting to improve my overall metabolic health? And I think
A lot of times people use those two terms, fasting, intermittent fasting, interchangeably. And I know to you, you kind of think of them a little separately. So it might be helpful to start with how you define those two terms before then getting into how each of them can impact metabolic health.
Yeah, I think the terms fasting and intermittent fasting get used interchangeably. I'm not going to represent that I'm the authority on any of this stuff. So I'm just going to tell you that whatever you are talking about, just make sure the semantics are clear so that you can normalize to what other people are saying. I typically don't use the term intermittent fasting.
I use the term fasting and I use the term time restricted feeding or time restricted eating to describe what I think most people think of when they say intermittent fasting. But as a general rule, intermittent fasting or time restricted feeding or time restricted eating refers to periods of not eating during the course of a day. So when you hear people say, I do 16-8 or 18-6 intermittent fasting.
Of course, what they mean is I'll go 16 hours a day without eating, eight hours a day of eating, or 18 hours without and six hours with. Fasting is a term I kind of reserve for prolonged fasts, anything that's more than a day, and this'll easily be two, three days, up to really, really long fasts, seven, 10, or even 14 days. Then again, the term fasting implies that it's water only.
It's non-caloric. So whatever liquids you're getting during that period of time don't contain any calories. Okay, so now let's answer the question, how can you use fasting or time-restricted feeding or intermittent fasting to improve metabolic health? Well, I think the data here are not particularly clear.
So I'll start with the least clear of them all, which is the use of daily restrictions or intermittent fasting time restricted feeding. The data here suggests that this type of feeding pattern is no better than straight caloric restriction. In other words, when you normalize a person
for the number of calories they consume during a day, whether they consume those calories across the course of the day or whether they consume those calories in kind of a small feeding window doesn't appear to have a material difference. What does matter if a person is interested in improving their metabolic health, is that they restrict calories.
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Chapter 7: How to create an effective fitness routine for busy people?
There's always the story of that person who in four hours a day of eating still manages to eat 3000 calories. But for the most part, as you restrict your feeding window, you're going to also reduce total calories. And then the third way to go about doing this is something called dietary restriction, which says, hey, I'm not going to concern myself with necessarily how much I eat.
I'm not going to concern myself with when I eat. But I'm going to put in some pretty significant restrictions around what I eat. And again, the more restrictive you are, the more you're going to end up reducing calories. So I think the most important point to remember here is it's the calorie restriction that provides the greatest benefit.
How you go about achieving it is really a function of your style. I actually recommend people try all of these techniques and we've covered them in so much detail elsewhere and the ins and outs of what the pros and cons of each are because there are many pros and cons of each. I think I dedicate a pretty significant section of one of the chapters in Outlive to covering this.
Next question on the list relates to alcohol. And it seems like anytime we've done anything around alcohol, it seems very polarizing, let's say. There's a lot of opinions, strong opinions on each side. And so I think the general question is, how does alcohol affect someone's health or longevity? And how do you think about it?
There's no denying that alcohol affects our health. Alcohol is a nutrient like any other, but it comes with some particular issues that are a little bit unique to alcohol in a way that we wouldn't say are unique to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. And that basically is the following.
Alcohol, in addition to being a dense source of energy, carbohydrates and proteins come with four kilocalories approximately per gram, and fats are at about nine kilocalories per gram. Well, alcohol is actually much closer to fats. It's at about seven kilocalories per gram.
But when we're really talking about the impact of alcohol on health, we're not even really talking about it from its caloric standpoint. Although I can tell you, having done more food logs with more patients than I can count, it is always amazing to see a patient's face when they recognize that 25% of their total calories come from alcohol if they're a moderate to heavy drinker.
So you don't want to be dismissive of the calories. But I think for this question, Nick, I'm going to just put aside the caloric load of alcohol. So what we're really talking about is the toxicity that comes from the molecule itself, nominally through its metabolism in the liver and sort of its metabolic byproducts.
Now, we have a bit of a problem when trying to study this, which is we have to rely very, very heavily on epidemiology. Epidemiology is, of course, one of many tools we have to understand the impact of environmental, in this case, potentially toxins on health, but it just comes with so much baggage.
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Chapter 8: What are the key insights on emotional health?
And you have to ask the question like, is this being maladaptive for my life in any other way? Does it, for example, impair my sleep? With the ubiquity of sleep trackers out there, I think most people will observe that if you drink a little bit too close to bed, your sleep is going to be disrupted. Does it change the way you eat?
For example, if you have a drink or two in you, are you more likely to raid the pantry or the freezer and get ice cream? And then, of course, there's the much more destructive stuff like driving and things of that nature. So I think overall, we can say that alcohol is under no dose helpful, under low doses, probably not terribly bad, but under escalating doses, it's actually quite negative.
How would you respond to a patient who says something in the following, which is what you kind of see a lot, which is, I understand that alcohol may not be good for me, but I do get a lot of enjoyment having a drink with some friends every other week or once in a while.
Do you think that the danger of having a little bit of alcohol outweighs the potential enjoyment of being with friends in that environment?
I don't want to dismiss the importance and the benefit of social interaction and the joy that comes from that. I think it just comes down to the dose, truthfully. So if that person says to me, look, twice a month, I like to meet my buddies and we like to play poker or we like to watch football and we have a few drinks, at the surface, there doesn't seem anything wrong with that.
But look, if the answer is twice a month, I'm just going to drink 12 beers, I have a hard time understanding how the pro-social benefit of hanging out with your buddies that day justified having 12 beers. If the answer is, I like to kick back three or four beers a couple times a month, then I would say, yeah, it's probably not that bad.
Moving on to the next set of questions, kind of nutrition related. The first one is, what do you think are the key principles for a quote unquote, well-balanced, healthy diet?
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