Thinking About Ob/Gyn

Episode 11.6 Ovarian Torsion & The Pitt

19 Mar 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We use a plotline from The Pit to separate ovarian torsion facts from TV fiction and explain why Doppler findings can’t replace clinical judgment. T...

Episode 11.5 Gray Journal Cesarean Delivery Edition

05 Mar 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We unpack the Gray Journal’s special edition on Cesarean Delivery, separating strong evidence from expert habit, and spotlight where technique, cult...

Episode 11.4 Syphilis and lots more!

19 Feb 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We examine why U.S. maternal mortality headlines mislead, showing overdose and violence dominate early postpartum deaths while obstetric causes declin...

Episode 11.2 Preventing Surgical Complications

04 Feb 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We map a prevention-first approach to OBGYN surgical complications—from environmental fixes and technique to early detection, skilled repair, and ho...

Episode 11.2 Rethinking VBAC Risk and a Lot More!

22 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

We unpack new studies that reshape how we counsel on VBAC after short intervals, update what we tell BRCA carriers about estrogen therapy, and explore...

Episode 11.1 Smarter Hysterectomies, Lower Costs

08 Jan 2026

Contributed by Lukas

Jamie Perry joins this episode as we share ten standout women’s health breakthroughs from 2025 and then get practical about value in endoscopic hyst...

Episode 10.13 Estrogen, Free Birth, And Misinformation

25 Dec 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We unpack what WHI actually showed about estrogen-only therapy and breast cancer in light of new supporting data, then confront the free birth trend’...

Episode 10.12 The V-Word

11 Dec 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We trace the arc from variolation and Jenner to mRNA, show how vaccines leverage natural immunity, and explain why maternal shots protect both parent ...

Episode 10.11 Smarter Cancer Screening, Safer Obstetrics

27 Nov 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We share a practical, clinic‑tested system for hereditary cancer screening that standardizes intake and education, then confront how malpractice pre...

Episode 10.10 Habits That Help Doctors Thrive

13 Nov 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Antonia and special guest Kristi Angevine explore how physicians can rethink habits beyond routines to include default thoughts, feelings, and reactio...

Episode 10:9 Fibroids, Facts, False Beliefs, and More!

30 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We challenge long-held beliefs about fibroids, highlight new ectopic pregnancy nuances, and dig into real-world dermoid cyst outcomes. We also unpack ...

Episode 10.8 Speed in Surgery (+Circs & Autism)

16 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, Howard and Maddie White challenge shaky claims linking autism to circumcision and Tylenol, then zero in on speed as the byproduct of ...

10.7 Tylenol and Autism

02 Oct 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We push back on claims that Tylenol or vaccines cause autism and explain how weak methods, conflicts of interest, and cherry-picked data fuel public p...

Episode 10.6 Natural Birth Claims

17 Sep 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Dr. Howard Harrell explores common questions about birth alternatives posed by Anna, a mom-to-be with questions, examining scientific evidence behind ...

Episode 10.5 The Dense Breast Dilemma

04 Sep 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Howard and Antonia explore the safety of medications during pregnancy and the controversial reporting requirements for breast density on mammograms, e...

Episode 10.4 Noah

21 Aug 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Dr. Jacqueline Vidosh shares her powerful journey as both an obstetrician and mother to Noah, who has trisomy 18, challenging traditional medical unde...

Episode 10.3 Post-Cesarean Antibiotics, Hysteroscopy, and More!

07 Aug 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Recent evidence challenges the practice of prescribing oral antibiotics after Cesarean delivery in obese patients, finding no significant reduction in...

Episode 10.2 Bridging Obstetrics and Neonatology: Saving Our Tiniest Patients

23 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Dr. Scott Guthrie joins us to explore the significant advances in neonatal care and the critical partnership between obstetricians and neonatologists ...

Episode 10.1: VBAC Updates, Estrogen Packs, Co-Sleeping, and More!

09 Jul 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Howard and Antonia dive into their tenth season with a critical look at several new studies. Topics include:• Estrogen-soaked vaginal packing after ...

Episode 9.13 The Surgical Maze: Trocars, Cuff Closure, Visceral Slide, and More

25 Jun 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Surgical techniques in gynecology vary widely between surgeons, creating both excitement and frustration for residents trying to learn the "right...

Episode 9:12 Serial Cervical Lengths, MAHA, and More!

11 Jun 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Howard Herrell and Antonia Roberts explore evidence-based practices in obstetrics and gynecology, examining both established protocols and emerging re...

Episode 9.11 Cervical Cancer with Stuart Winkler

28 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Cervical cancer represents a success story in developed countries due to screening and vaccination, yet remains a significant global health problem wi...

Episode 9.10 Pit Breaks, Cannabis, and IUDs for Endometrial Protection

14 May 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Howard and Antonia explore the evidence behind pit breaks in labor, cannabis use in pregnancy, and IUD options for hormone replacement therapy.• Pit...

Episode 9.9 Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology Essentials

30 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Join Howard and Janeen Arbuckle for this discussion of pediatric and adolescent gynecology essentials. Pediatric and adolescent gynecology is a newer ...

Episode 9.8 Rethinking Bacterial Vaginosis and More!

17 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, Antonia and Howard explore the groundbreaking study on treating male partners for bacterial vaginosis, revealing significantly reduce...

Episode 9.7 OB Triage Essentials (plus The Pitt)

03 Apr 2025

Contributed by Lukas

This episode features our favorite podcast ninja, Dr. Maddie White. She and Howard discuss how medical dramatizations misrepresent obstetric emergenci...

Episode 9.6 New Birth Control Products and Other Updates

19 Mar 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Antonia Roberts and Howard Herrell review several new articles: • Epifoam for postpartum pain lacks evidence of effectiveness compared to simple ic...

Episode 9.5 Operative Vaginal Deliveries

05 Mar 2025

Contributed by Lukas

We discuss the pressing issues surrounding operative vaginal deliveries, including trends in their usage and the disparities impacting delivery outcom...

Episode 9.4 Barbs, Birth Control Risks, Maternal Cancers, Aspirin, and More!

20 Feb 2025

Contributed by Lukas

This episode dives into the debate surrounding the efficacy and cost of barbed sutures in surgical practice, questioning whether their time-saving adv...

Episode 9.3 Obstetric Life Support with Jacqueline Vidosh

06 Feb 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Join Howard with guest host Jacqueline Vidosh as we explore the challenges of maternal cardiac arrest. This episode emphasizes the urgent need for spe...

Episode 9.2 Circumvallate Placenta, Pregnancy Apps, Oral Meds for GDM, and HPV

23 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, Howard and Antonia focuses on the evolving guidelines for HPV screening and the implications for women's health, highlighting it...

Episode 9.1 Cesarean Hysterectomy

08 Jan 2025

Contributed by Lukas

Discover how cesarean hysterectomy, once a procedure shrouded in fear, has evolved into a life-saving operation with contributions from pioneering fig...

Episode 8.13 Flagyl, GBS, DUTCH, Jada, Quickening and More!

25 Dec 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Challenge preconceived notions in obstetrics and gynecology with our latest episode, where we dismantle myths that have long influenced medical practi...

Episode 8.12 Four Tips for Paps, OB Unit Closures, and the Importance of Hospital Based Obstetrics

12 Dec 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we give four simple tips for performing a Pap smear. Then we dive into the complicated problem of obstetric units closing across the ...

Episode 8.11 Catheters in Labor, Occiput Posterior Fetuses, and Cesarean Scar Disorder

28 Nov 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Do patients in labor need continuous bladder drainage? We will review the literature comparing intermittent to continuous drainage. Next, we venture i...

Episode 8.10 Birth Control Counseling, MOC Article Highlights, and Feminine Forever

14 Nov 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for effective birth control counseling. By dissecting communication techniques, we highlight how striking a bala...

Episode 8.9 Intrapartum Fentanyl, IUDs and Breast Cancer, Pretrm Test and Bias in Studies

30 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

Can IV fentanyl use during labor actually be safe for mothers and newborns beyond six centimeters of dilation? Join us as we unpack a pivotal 1989 stu...

Episode 8.8 Finding Clinical Answers, Iron, Fetal Testing, and Steroids

17 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for finding evidence based answers quickly. Then we discuss some new literature about pap smears and new guideli...

Episode 8.7 One Layer or Two? Endometrium or Serosa? And Minimally Invasive Surgery

02 Oct 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the evidence behind one layer and two layer Cesarean closures with an emphasis on inclusion of the endometrium and the ris...

Episode 8.6 Cervical Catheters, SGA, Due Date Errors, History of Postpartum Depression

18 Sep 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for placing and using catheters for induction of labor. Then we revisit the issue of small for gestational age v...

Episode 8.5 Ultrasounds of Twins, Tongue Ties, and Pap-sploitation

04 Sep 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the frequency of Pap smears for twin pregnancies as well as the need for using twin-based growth data for the diagnosis of...

Episode 8.4 Anticoagulation Use In Pregnancy

22 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss prevention of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period and the evidence for which patients should receiv...

Episode 8.3 Antiquated Physical Exam Techniques, Cord Blood Banking, and More!

08 Aug 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we challenge the reliability of traditional tests like Homan's sign and cervical motion tenderness. Learn how understanding and ...

Episode 8.2 Cesarean Under Local, New Literature, and History of Preeclampsia

24 Jul 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for Cesarean under local. Then we discuss some new literature including full versus empty bladder during gyn pro...

Episode 8.1 Overuse of HCGs, Famous Studies in OB, and the History of Mag Sulfate

11 Jul 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In the season 8 premiere, we discuss over-utilization of serial quantitative HCGs. Then we discuss several famous or influential studies in obstetrics...

Episode 7.13 Uterine inversion, Trainee Harassment and Mistreatment, and Suicide

26 Jun 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for uterine inversion. Then, we discuss mistreatment and abuse of trainees in OB/GYN plus physician suicide. Fin...

Episode 7.12 BV Screening, WHI, First Trimester Anatomy Ultrasound, and Postpartum Sterilization

13 Jun 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss routine bacterial vaginosis screening in patients with preterm labor symptoms. Then, we discuss some dietary and other les...

Episode 7.11 IUD insertion, teaching residents and students, and the history of blood transfusion

29 May 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for IUD insertion. Then we discuss the qualities of good teachers and the important of teaching students and res...

Episode 7.10 Risks of multiple Cesareans, tips for vaginal hysterectomy, and listener questions

15 May 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the risks and counseling related to higher numbers of Cesareans. Then, we finish our discussion about vaginal hysterectomy...

Episode 7.9 Deeply Impacted Fetal Head, Route of Hysterectomy, and the Taj Mahal

01 May 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for managing the deeply impacted fetal head at the time of Cesarean. Then we discuss the optimal route of hyster...

Episode 7.8 Osteopenia treatments, antenatal steroids, IOL methods, VBAC risk factors, and surgical hemostasis

17 Apr 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the latest recommendations for treatments for osteopenia and osteoporosis, including vitamin D and calcium, as well as bis...

Episode 7.7 Cord Prolapse, Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer

03 Apr 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, Dr. Stuart Winkler returns to discuss new evidence about the risks and benefits of radical hysterectomy for cervical cancers. Also, f...

Episode 7.6 Maternal Mortality Declining? Plus skin closures and listener questions

20 Mar 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss which laparoscopic ports need to be closed and how. Plus, we discuss more evidence that the current narrative about matern...

Episode 7.5 Breech Delivery Tips, Laparoscopy Entry, and IVF Legality

07 Mar 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for breech vaginal delivery.  Then, we respond to the Alabama Supreme Court's decisions about embryos and ...

Episode 7.4 Oxygen for Decels, Interpreting Studies Part 2, Frozen Eggs

21 Feb 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the use of supplemental oxygen for fetal decelerations. Then we get into part 2 of our discussion of interpreting clinical...

Episode 7.3 Cephalic Version, Interpreting Studies Part 1, and Jackie Kennedy

07 Feb 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss four tips for external cephalic version. Then we dive into the basics of interpreting scientific studies. Finally, we disc...

Episode 7.2 Cesareans for Macrosomia, Yearly Pelvic Exams, Zuranolone, and more!

24 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss performing Cesarean for fetal weights at lower thresholds than currently recommended. Then we discuss new literature regar...

Episode 7.1 New Mammography Guidelines, Four Tips for Fetal Tracings, and Pregnancy after Hysterectomy

10 Jan 2024

Contributed by Lukas

In the first episode of our new season, we introduce a new segment with Four Tips for managing fetal heart tracings. Then we discuss the new mammograp...

Episode 6.13 Hormone Replacement Myths Part 2

27 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss five more myths about hormone replacement therapy. Also, we discuss the utility of cervical exams at later pregnancy visit...

Episode 6.12 Hormone Replacement Therapy Myths Part 1

13 Dec 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode we debunk the first of five myths about menopausal hormone replacement therapy. 00:00:02 Hormone Replacement Therapy For Smokers, HTN0...

Episode 6.11 Vaginal Estrogen and More!

29 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss several new articles related to treatment of vaginal atrophy or genitourinary syndrome of menopause, including literature ...

Episode 6.10 Magnesium Sulfate for Neuroprotection for Preterm Infants

15 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we review the literature regarding the use of magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection to prevent CP in preterm infants. 00:00:02 Magnes...

Episode 6.9 Male Circumcision: A Global, Historical, and Ethical Debate

01 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss neonatal circumcision and the pros, cons, and ethics. Prepare for controversy. We also discuss the utility of labs for fet...

Episode 6.8 The (Near) Future of Obstetrics

18 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we speculate about the near future of advancement of obstetrics, including new vaccines, new uses for cell-free DNA screening, advanc...

Episode 6.7 Early GDM screening, repeat antibody testing, mayo and more

04 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the utility of repeat antibody testing at 28 weeks. Plus, new evidence about early screening for GDM, the concept of tensi...

Episode 6.6 Overconsulting and Surgical Training

19 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode we welcome back Stuart Winkler to discuss over-consulting in OB/GYN and how to improve surgical eduction in our training programs and ...

Episode 6.5 How to Deliver A Baby (an evidence based approach)

06 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode we discuss the evolution and evidence behind vaginal delivery techniques. Plus, we discuss the importance of the golden hour after bir...

Episode 6:4 Frequency of Prenatal Visits and Eat, Sleep, Console

24 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss guidelines about bulb suctioning at the time of delivery. Then we discuss the nearly 100 year old schedule of prenatal vis...

Episode 6.3 Rural vs Urban Obstetrics, Screening for BV, and Prophylactic Salpingectomy

10 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss screening for BV to prevent preterm birth. Then new data about the safety of obstetric care in rural vs urban hospitals of...

Episode 6.2 Surgical Restrictions, Probiotics for GBS, Stratafix and more

27 Jul 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss current evidence about post-surgical activity restrictions. Plus, we explore probiotics for GBS prevention, vaginal seedin...

Episode 6.1 Antidepressants in Pregnancy and Cephalosporins in Patients with Penicillin Allergy

12 Jul 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss current evidence about potential cross-reactivity for patients with penicillin allergy who receive a cephalosporin. Then w...

Episode 5.13 Tori Bowie and Maternal Mortality

29 Jun 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the death of Tori Bowie and new data about maternal mortality and the closing gap of black to white mortality in hospital ...

Episode 5.12 The ARRIVE Trial, Hydration, Partograms, and more

14 Jun 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the practice of IV hydration for preterm contractions. Then we take a look at the ARRIVE trial and some recent studies abo...

Episode 5.11 Breech Delivery

01 Jun 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss data about the methods of breech vaginal delivery, including new studies describing the forces with different maneuvers an...

Episode 5.10 Ten Things We Wish ER Docs Knew About OB/GYN

17 May 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss ten things we wish ER docs knew. Also, the history of IUDS, new mammogram guidelines, over the counter birth control, and ...

Episode 5.9 Cookies, Virgin Birth, Forceps, and the History of Handwashing

03 May 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss several new articles, including evidence about operative delivery in obese women, lactation, cookies, propranolol for labo...

Episode 5.8 Medical and Surgical Management of Missed Abortion

19 Apr 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss a variety of commonly ordered prenatal labs that are unnecessary. We also discuss new studies that affect both surgical an...

Episode 5.7 In vitro fertilization (infertility Part 4)

06 Apr 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss routine labs for patients with a history of hypertension. Then, we take a deeper dive into in vitro fertilization (IVF). ...

Episode 5.6 COVID Update, Cystotomies, Scope, and More

23 Mar 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the repair of cystotomies along with the scope of general OB/GYN. Plus, COVID and maternal mortality updates. Then some ne...

Episode 5.5 PCOS

09 Mar 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and discover a couple of more female eponyms. Follow us on Instagram @thinkingaboutobgyn.

Episode 5.4 Meds for IUD placement, some recent studies, and a poem!

23 Feb 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discover three more female eponyms, plus we review the utility of premedication for IUD placement. We review new literature about ...

Episode 5.3 Eponyms! and some oncology

08 Feb 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we have our new favorite guest Stuart Winkler, to discuss eponyms and also a touch of oncology, including the appropriate work up of ...

Episode 5.2 Baby Season (a listener question) and RhoGAM

26 Jan 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the use of RhoGAM in the first trimester. Then we discuss the timing of birth and why babies are born more commonly in som...

Episode 5.1 OB Emergencies Part 2

11 Jan 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss caffeine and other supplements and breast pain, then we continue our discussion of management of obstetric emergencies, fo...

Episode 4.13 OB Emergencies Part 1

29 Dec 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the management of nuchal cords at the time of delivery. Then we begin part 1 of our review of obstetric emergencies, focus...

Episode 4.12 Angle of Progression, Two Layer Closure, and Deliverance

15 Dec 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the newest evidence for two layer closure at the time of Cesarean. Plus, delivery vs birth, a clarification from the prior...

Episode 4.11: Amnioinfusions, Stat Cesareans, Braxton-Hicks, and TikTok

01 Dec 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the utility of amnioinfusion for both variable decelerations and meconium stained fluid. Plus, how fast do we need to go w...

Episode 4.10 Iron in pregnancy, Sexism in OB/GYN, and the Postpartum visit

17 Nov 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the pros and cons of iron supplementation during pregnancy. We take a big of a dangerous dive into chauvinism and sexism i...

Episode 4.9 Value Based Care Part 2: Vaginal Delivery (and some other stuff)

03 Nov 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss management of soft markers of aneuploidy on ultrasound. Also, on update on Makena's potential withdrawal by the FDA. ...

Episode 4.8 Fish, Maternity Deserts, and Value Based Care Part 1

20 Oct 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the value of eating fish during pregnancy and the potential harm of warning women about fish. Plus, we discuss factors dri...

Episode 4.7 Gases, Marijuana, Sugar, Milking, and Other Things?

06 Oct 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the utility of cord blood gases. Then we discuss the impact of THC exposure during pregnancy. Plus, new studies about cord...

Episode 4.6 The Queen's Births and more

22 Sep 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode we discuss the history of Queen Elizabeth's birth and the the birth of her children - which includes home Cesareans and home VBAC...

Episode 4.5 Surgeon Outcome By Gender, Kick Counts, Vitamin D, and More

08 Sep 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we catch up on a lot of recent literature including differences in surgical outcomes by gender,  preferences for race of obstetricia...

Episode 4:4 Fertility Part 3: Fertility Treatments

25 Aug 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we finish up our dive into fertility issues with a discussion of basic fertility treatments and answer several fundamental questions ...

Episode 4.3 Fertility Part 2: Basic Fertility Evaluation

11 Aug 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we continue our discussion of fertility with a discussion of the basic fertility evaluation. Plus, should you sound before placing an...

Episode 4.2 Fertility Part 1: Optimizing Natural Fertility

28 Jul 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode we discuss the evidence behind stress dose steroids. Then we discuss scientific ways of optimizing natural fertility (and debunk some ...

Episode 4.1 Maternal Deaths Pre-Roe, This is Going to Hurt, Caffeine, Covid, and Navajo Sterilizations

14 Jul 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss routine use of LDH and uric acid in evaluation of hypertension. Plus, new studies about caffeine use during pregnancy, the...

Episode 3.13 Abortion Laws, Lawsuits, and a Defense of American Maternity Care

30 Jun 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss appropriate use of internal fetal monitors. Then an update on abortion legislation, thoughts about lawsuits, and a discuss...

Episode 3.12 The Second Victim Syndrome and Several Sundry Studies

16 Jun 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the Second Victim Syndrome and Just Culture. We also discuss progesterone levels and vaginal progesterone for prevention o...

Episode 3.11 Fundal Heights, Fetal Monitoring, Fentanyl, Formula, and So Forth

02 Jun 2022

Contributed by Lukas

In this episode, we discuss the science of fundal heights, a captivating new article about the science of continuous electronic fetal monitoring, and ...