中药配制中，有个专业术语叫做“头末”，那么头末是什么意思呢？顾名思义，头末即是粉剂制作时通过碾、砸、捶擂等方式获取的第一道细末，而将其他固体物废弃不用，一般用于气味偏性较大之药材，如牵牛子，取其毒性小之优点。如《纲目》载：“牵牛子，今多只碾取头末，去皮麸不用，亦有半生半熟用者。”《本草正义》：“牵牛，善泄湿热，通利水道，亦走大便，故《别录》谓其苦寒，至李氏东垣，以其兼有辛莶气味，遂谓是辛热雄烈。按，此物甚滑，通泄是其专长，试细嚼之，惟其皮稍有辛味，古今主治，皆用之于湿热气滞，实肿胀满，二便不通，则东垣以为辛热，张石顽和之，亦谓辛温，皆属不确，当以《别录》之苦寒为正。又莶气戟人喉舌，细味之亦在皮中，所谓有毒，盖即在此。古方中凡用末子，均称止用头末，正以其皮粘韧，不易细碎，只用头末，则弃其皮，而可无辛莶之毒，颇有意味可思。观《别录》主治专破气分之壅滞，泄水湿之肿满，除风利便，固皆以实病言之，此药功用，固已包举无遗。甄权申之，则曰治痃癖气块，利大小便，东垣谓除气分湿热，三焦壅结；濒湖谓逐痰饮，通大肠气秘、风秘、杀虫。亦皆主结滞壅塞立论。而甄权乃又谓除虚肿，则误矣。《日华本草》谓治腰痛，盖亦指湿热阻塞，腰脊不利之症，惟言之殊不分明，究属非是。”
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