鬣狗属于哺乳纲食肉目鬣狗科。鬣狗，是哺乳纲、食肉目、鬣狗科动物统称。它们同属于一科，仅4属4种，可分为2个亚科，鬣狗亚科和土狼亚科。中等体型，大小似犬。长颈，后肢较前肢短弱，躯体较短，肩高而臀低，颈后的背中线有长鬣毛，牙齿大，具粗壮的锥形前臼齿，裂齿发育，臼齿退化。颌部粗而强，能咬开骨头。鬣狗体较小，全身布满条纹，多为独居，依靠发达的嗅觉觅食腐肉。棕鬣狗体型较大，分布于非洲西南部海岸，常到海滩寻食螃蟹、鱼等。斑鬣狗仅见于非洲，体型较大，成群猎食，除食腐肉外，能猎捕羚羊。土狼为特化的食蚁动物。栖于热带和亚热带有稀树的草原和荒漠地带。也有一些生活在海岸附近，白天隐藏在稠密的灌木丛、较高的草丛中，以及岩石隙缝。鬣狗系群体生活，一个群体大到几十只，小到十几只。喜欢在夜间捕食，能以每小时65千米的速度追逐奔跑速度达每小时40千米的斑马或角马群。斑鬣狗可以单独地、成对地或三只一起猎食，也能整群地进行围猎。
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