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同一个人的所有细胞都包含相同的染色体，但不同的细胞类型，如肌肉和神经细胞，却有着非常不同的特性，这些差异是如何产生的？答案在于基因调控，它使不同的细胞产生不同的蛋白质。2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国科学家维克托·安布罗斯和加里·鲁夫坎，以表彰他们发现了microRNA（微小RNA）及其在转录后基因调控中的作用。
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