汪诘：科学有故事（主打）

汪诘杂谈 |最新权威指导——世卫组织发布的口罩使用指南来了！

30 Jan 2020

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Adviceon the use of masks the community, during home care and in health care settingsin the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreakInterim guidance在新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）爆发的背景下，对于社区、家庭护理和医疗环境中使用口罩的临时指南29 January 2020WHO/nCov/IPC_Masks/2020.1IntroductionThis document provides rapid advice on the use of medical masks in communities,at home and at health care facilities in areas that have reported outbreakscaused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It is intended for publichealth and infection prevention and control (IPC) professionals, health caremanagers, health care workers and community health workers. It will be revisedas more data become available.世卫组织 2020 年 1 月 29 日在线发表概述本文件为已报告新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）爆发地区的社区、家庭和医疗设施使用医用防护口罩提供了快速建议。这份建议面向公共卫生、感染预防和控制（IPC）专业人员、医疗保健管理人员和工作者，以及社区卫生工作者。随着更多数据的获得，我们也将对其进行修订。With the current information available, it is suggested that theroute of human-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV is either via respiratorydroplets or contact. Any person who is in close contact (within 1 meter) withsomeone who has respiratory symptoms (e.g., sneezing, coughing, etc.) is atrisk of being exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets.根据目前掌握的信息，新型冠状病毒的人传人途径是通过呼吸道飞沫和接触传播。如果与有打喷嚏、咳嗽等呼吸道症状的人密切接触，一般为1米以内，就有可能被传染。Medical masks are surgical or procedure masks that are flat or pleated (someare like cups); they are affixed to the head with strapsa.本建议所指的医用防护口罩是那种扁平或折叠的外科或手术口罩（有些像杯子）；它们用绳带固定在头部。General AdviceWearing a medical mask is one of the prevention measures to limitspread of certain respiratory diseases, including 2019-nCoV, in affected areas.However, the use of a mask alone is insufficient to provide the adequate levelof protection and other equally relevant measures should be adopted. If masksare to be used, this measure must be combined with hand hygiene and other IPCmeasures to prevent the human-to-human transmission of 2019-nCov. WHO hasdeveloped guidance for home care and health care settings on infectionprevention and control (IPC) strategies for use when infection with 2019-nCoVis suspected.Wearing medical masks when not indicated may cause unnecessary cost,procurement burden and create a false sense of security that can lead toneglecting other essential measures such as hand hygiene practices.Furthermore, using a mask incorrectly may hamper its effectiveness to reducethe risk of transmission.总体建议佩戴医用防护口罩是限制某些呼吸系统疾病（包括新型冠状病毒）在受影响地区传播的预防措施之一。然而，仅仅使用口罩不足以提供足够的保护，应采取其他同等相关的措施。如果要使用口罩，这项措施必须与手部卫生和其他感染预防和控制（IPC）措施相结合，以防止新型冠状病毒的人际传播。世卫组织为家庭护理和医疗环境制定了关于感染预防和控制（IPC）战略的指导，以便在怀疑感染新型冠状病毒时使用。在没有症状的情况下戴上医用防护口罩可能会产生不必要的费用，造成采购负担，并产生虚假的安全感，从而可能导致忽视其他必要措施，如重视手部卫生习惯。此外，戴口罩的目的是为了减少病毒传播，但如果佩戴不正确，有效性可能会打折扣。Community settingIndividuals without respiratory symptoms should:- avoid agglomerations and frequency of closed crowded spaces;- maintain distance of at least 1 meter from any individual with 2019-nCoVrespiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing, sneezing);- perform hand hygiene frequently, using alcohol-based hand rub if hands arenot visibly soiled or soap and water when hands are visibly soiled;- if coughing or sneezing cover nose and mouth with flexed elbow or papertissue, dispose of tissue immediately after use and perform hand hygiene;- refrain from touching mouth and nose;- a medical mask is not required, as no evidence is available on its usefulnessto protect non-sick persons.社区环境无呼吸道症状的个人应：1. 避免频繁聚集在封闭、拥挤的空间；2. 与任何有新型冠状病毒呼吸症状（如咳嗽、打喷嚏）的人保持至少1米的距离；3. 经常保持手部卫生，如果手没有被明显弄脏，用含有酒精的洗手液洗手；否则，请用肥皂和水洗手；4. 如果咳嗽或打喷嚏，用弯曲的手肘或纸巾捂住口鼻，使用后应立即处理掉纸巾，并做好手部清洁；5. 不要用手接触口鼻；6. 不需要医用防护口罩，因为没有证据表明它能保护非病患人群。However, masks might be worn in some countries according to localcultural habits. If masks are used, best practices should be followed on how towear, remove, and dispose of them and on hand hygiene action after removal (seebelow advice regarding appropriate mask management).不过，根据当地风俗习惯，有些国家的人可能也会戴普通口罩。如果使用普通口罩，关于如何佩戴、取下和处置口罩，以及如何洗手的最佳做法，你需要遵循我们的如下建议：Individuals with respiratory symptoms should:- wear a medical mask and seek medical care if experiencing fever, cough anddifficulty breathing, as soon as possible or in accordance with to localprotocols;- follow the below advice regarding appropriate mask management.有呼吸道症状的个人应：1. 如果出现发烧、咳嗽和呼吸困难，应尽快或按照当地惯例戴上医用防护口罩并就医；2. 请遵循以下有关口罩适当管理的建议：Home CareIn view of the currently available data on the disease and its transmission,WHO recommends that suspected cases of 2019-nCoV infection be cared for usingisolation precautions and monitored in a hospital setting. This would ensureboth safety and quality of health care (in case patients’ symptoms worsen) andpublic health security.However, for several possible reasons, including situations when inpatient careis unavailable or unsafe (i.e. limited capacity and resources unable to meetdemand for health care services), or in a case of informed refusal ofhospitalization, home settings for health care provision may need to beconsidered. Specific IPC guidance for home care should be followedb.家庭护理指南鉴于目前可获得的有关新型冠状病毒及其传播的数据，世卫组织建议对其感染的疑似病例采用隔离预防措施进行护理，并在医院环境中进行监测。这将确保医疗的安全性和有效性（以防病人症状恶化），也能保证公共卫生安全。但是，由于几个可能的原因，包括住院床位不够，或住院环境不安全的情况（即能力和资源有限，无法满足医疗保健服务的需求），或者在病患获知病情但拒绝住院的情况下，可能需要考虑在家庭环境中提供医疗保健。此时应遵循如下指导意见：Individuals with suspected 2019-nCoV infection with mild respiratory symptomsshould:- perform hand hygiene frequently, using alcohol-based hand rub if hands arenot visibly soiled or soap and water when hands are visibly soiled;- keep distance from well individuals as much as possible (at least 1 meter);- to contain respiratory secretions, a medical mask should be provided to theindividual and worn as much as possible, if it can be tolerated. Forindividuals who cannot tolerate a medical mask, he/she should rigorously applyrespiratory hygiene, i.e. cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing withdisposable paper tissue. Dispose of the material after use. Clean handsimmediately after contact with respiratory secretions;- improve airflow in living space by opening windows and door as much aspossible.疑似患者并有轻度呼吸道症状的个人应：1. 经常保持手部卫生，如果手没有被明显弄脏，用含有酒精的洗手液洗手；否则，请用肥皂和水洗手；2. 尽量与健康人保持距离（至少1米）；3. 为了控制呼吸道分泌物，应为个人提供医用防护口罩，只要可以忍受，就应尽量佩戴。对于无法忍受医用防护口罩的患者，则应该严格采取呼吸卫生措施，即在咳嗽或打喷嚏时用一次性纸巾捂住口鼻。使用后丢弃材料。接触呼吸道分泌物后应立即洗手；4. 尽可能多地打开窗户来改善居住空间的空气流通。Relatives or caregivers to individuals with suspected 2019-nCoVinfection with mild respiratory symptoms should:- perform hand hygiene frequently, using alcohol-based hand rub if hands arenot visibly soiled or soap and water when hands are visibly soiled;- keep distance from affected individual as much as possible (at least 1meter);- wear a medical mask when in the same room with the affected individual;- dispose of the material immediately after use. Clean hands immediately aftercontact with respiratory secretions;- improve airflow in living space by opening windows as much as possible.疑似患者并有轻度呼吸道症状个人的亲属或照料者应该：1. 经常保持手部卫生，如果手没有被明显弄脏，用含有酒精的洗手液洗手；否则，请用肥皂和水洗手；2. 尽量与病患保持距离（至少1米）；3. 与病患在同一房间时，戴上医用防护口罩；4. 病患使用后的物品应立即丢弃。接触呼吸道分泌物后立即清洁双手5. 尽可能多地打开窗户来改善居住空间的空气流通。Health Care FacilitiesIndividuals with respiratory symptoms should:- wear a medical mask while waiting in triage or waiting areas or duringtransportation within the facility;- wear a medical mask when staying in cohorting areas dedicated to suspected orconfirmed cases;- do not wear a medical mask when isolated in single rooms but cover mouth andnose when coughing or sneezing with disposable paper tissues. Dispose themappropriately and perform hand hygiene immediately afterwards.医疗机构中有呼吸道症状的个人应：1. 在分流区或候诊区等待，或在场所内活动期间，戴上医用防护口罩；2. 在与疑似或确诊病例同处的场所内，戴上医用防护口罩；3. 在单人房间隔离独处时不要佩戴医用防护口罩，咳嗽或打喷嚏时用一次性纸巾捂住口鼻。妥善处理它们，并立即进行手部清洁。Health care workers should:- wear a medical mask when entering a room where patients suspected orconfirmed of being infected with 2019-nCoV are admitted and in any situation ofcare provided to a suspected or confirmed casec;- use a particulate respirator at least as protective as a US NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified N95, EuropeanUnion (EU) standard FFP2, or equivalent, when performing aerosolgeneratingprocedures such as tracheal intubation, noninvasive ventilation, tracheotomy,cardiopulmonary resuscitation, manual ventilation before intubation, andbronchoscopy.医务工作者应：1. 进入收治疑似或确诊患者的房间时，以及在为他们提供任何护理的情况下，佩戴医用防护口罩；2. 在执行气雾生成程序（如气管插管、无创通气、气管切开、心肺复苏、插管前人工通气、支气管镜检查）时，使用微粒呼吸器，其防护能力至少应达到美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）认证的N95、欧盟（EU）标准FFP2或同等标准。Masks managementIf medical masks are worn, appropriate use and disposal is essential to ensurethey are effective and to avoid any increase in risk of transmission associatedwith the incorrect use and disposal of masks.The following information on correct use of medical masks derives from thepractices in health-care settingsd:- place mask carefully to cover mouth and nose and tie securely to minimise anygaps between the face and the mask;- while in use, avoid touching the mask;- remove the mask by using appropriate technique (i.e. do not touch the frontbut remove the lace from behind);- after removal or whenever you inadvertently touch a used mask, clean hands byusing an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water if visibly soiled- replace masks with a new clean, dry mask as soon as they become damp/humid;- do not re-use single-use masks;- discard single-use masks after each use and dispose of them immediately uponremoval.Cloth (e.g. cotton or gauze) masks are not recommended under any circumstance.口罩管理如果戴上医用防护口罩，必须适当使用和处理，以确保其有效，并避免因不正确使用和处理口罩而增加传播风险。以下关于正确使用医用防护口罩的信息，来源于医疗场所的实践：1. 仔细找对口罩的佩戴位置，盖住口鼻，系好绑带保证安全，尽可能减少脸部与口罩之间的空隙；2. 使用过程中，避免触摸口罩；3. 使用适当的方法取下口罩（即不要触摸前面，而是从后面取下绑带）；4. 取下后或在无意中触摸了用过的口罩，应用含酒精的洗手液清洁双手；如明显弄脏，用肥皂和水清洁双手；5. 一旦口罩受潮/变湿润，立即更换新的干净、干燥的口罩；6. 不要重复使用一次性口罩；7. 一次性口罩，每次使用后应立即丢弃。在任何情况下都不建议使用棉或纱布口罩（译者注：特指在医疗场所中）。

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3ª PARTE | 17 DIC 2025 | EL PARTIDAZO DE COPE

01 Jan 1970

El Partidazo de COPE

13:00H | 21 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

01 Jan 1970

Fin de Semana

12:00H | 21 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

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10:00H | 21 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

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13:00H | 20 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

01 Jan 1970

Fin de Semana

12:00H | 20 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

01 Jan 1970

Fin de Semana

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汪诘：科学有故事（主打）

汪诘杂谈 |最新权威指导——世卫组织发布的口罩使用指南来了！

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3ª PARTE | 17 DIC 2025 | EL PARTIDAZO DE COPE

13:00H | 21 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

12:00H | 21 DIC 2025 | Fin de Semana

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