肠胃病专家怎么就成了反疫苗之父｜反疫苗A面

久违的又来更新AB面故事，特朗普上台让反疫苗的小肯尼迪担任美国卫生与公众服务部部长，而最近二十年的这场反疫苗运动，得从1998年的一篇关于麻腮风MMR三联疫苗与自闭症相关的论文开始讲起，我们这一期，就来唠一下，这个研究是怎么开展的？为什么安德鲁·韦克菲尔德会被称为“反疫苗运动之父”？他明明是个肠胃病专家，怎么就研究起疫苗与自闭症的关系了？加听友群：bio_kiwi新播客：3分钟科学漫游     时间点：00:22 引入：小肯尼迪与反疫苗13:55 安德鲁·韦克菲尔德的早年经历与肠胃病研究40:17 韦克菲尔德开始转向自闭症与疫苗关联的研究1:13:58 1998年文章发表之后，遭遇质疑、辞职但是风生水起     相关图片：克罗恩病病灶中麻疹病毒的免疫组合染色：克罗恩病病灶中电子显微镜下的麻疹病毒：过去百年间美国每年麻疹死亡人数（蓝线）与病例数（红线）与疫苗接种时间（绿线）折线图：1998年涉及疫苗与自闭症关系的被撤稿文章与两个主要表格：1998年召开新闻发布会的韦克菲尔德：1802年反对牛痘疫苗的讽刺漫画：韦克菲尔德展示的内窥镜检查中的克罗恩病患者病灶，c图为健康人：2002年正在演讲的韦克菲尔德：     涉及BGM：George Benson - Thunder Walk安德烈·波切利 - Con te partirò     相关参考资料：布莱恩·迪尔《欺骗世界的医生：“反疫苗运动之父” 与一场跨越世纪的医学骗局》Andrew J. Wakefield, Jenny McCarthy 《Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines--The Truth Behind a Tragedy-Skyhorse 》Offit, Paul A 《Autism's false prophets: bad science, risky medicine, and the search for a cure-Columbia University Press》维基百科相关词条SILVERMAN R E, COHEN Z, CRAIG M, et al. Monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity as a measure of immune responsiveness in Lewis and Brown Norway inbred rats[J]. Transplantation, 1989, 47(3): 542-547.Wakefield A J, Fox J D, Sawyerr A M, et al. Detection of herpesvirus DNA in the large intestine of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease using the nested polymerase chain reaction[J]. Journal of medical virology, 1992, 38(3): 183-190.Wakefield A J, Pittilo R M, Sim R, et al. Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease[J]. Journal of medical virology, 1993, 39(4): 345-353.Thompson N P, Pounder R E, Wakefield A J, et al. Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease?[J]. The Lancet, 1995, 345(8957): 1071-1074.Patriarca P A, Beeler J A. Measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease[J]. The Lancet, 1995, 345(8957): 1062-1063.Farrington P, Miller E, Calman K C, et al. Measles vaccination as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease[J]. The Lancet, 1995, 345(8961): 1362-1364.Geschwind D H. Advances in autism[J]. Annual review of medicine, 2009, 60(1): 367-380.Wakefield A J, Murch S H, Anthony A, et al. RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children[J]. The lancet, 1998, 351(9103): 637-641.Poland G A, Jacobson R M. The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists[J]. New England journal of medicine, 2011, 364(2): 97-99.Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington C P, et al. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association[J]. The Lancet, 1999, 353(9169): 2026-2029.

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