Abbas Amanat

So that being in mind, that adds to the complexity of the picture.

He, in the 1963, there was a period of uprising of the supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini.

That was a turning point, in a sense, to try to politicize the religious movement

supporters of Ayatollah, who were loyal to Ayatollah Khomeini.

And in a sense, all the community of more religiously orientated against the secular policies of the Shah and against, of course, the dictatorship of the Shah.

So that's where the religious movement became a political party.

Became.

In 1963 is the first moment.

It's a huge uprising.

And the government suppressed it.

But then suppression would start to build.

Of course.

And he was sent to exile.

He went to Najaf, which is this great center in Southern.

So he became a martyr on top of this.

A martyr, he was probably even forgotten to some extent.

But not, it was forgotten for the secular middle class, but not to those supporters of his who were paying him

their dues, because in Islam, you would pay dues to religious leaders.

There's religious dues and alms that you would pay to the clerical authorities, and they redistribute them among their own students and so forth.

So they built actually a network of loyalty based on this