Adam Frank

And that's the reason why the giant planets in our solar system, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have huge amounts of ice in them or water and ice. Actually, Jupiter and Saturn don't have so much, but the moons do. The

And that's the reason why the giant planets in our solar system, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have huge amounts of ice in them or water and ice. Actually, Jupiter and Saturn don't have so much, but the moons do. The

Yeah, I think we can. I think we're learning how to do that now. So, you know, one part is like trying to just figure out how to how planets form themselves and doing the simulations like that, that cascade from dust grains up to planetary embryos. That's hard to simulate because it's both you got to do both the gas and you got to do the dust and the dust colliding and all that physics.

Yeah, I think we can. I think we're learning how to do that now. So, you know, one part is like trying to just figure out how to how planets form themselves and doing the simulations like that, that cascade from dust grains up to planetary embryos. That's hard to simulate because it's both you got to do both the gas and you got to do the dust and the dust colliding and all that physics.

Yeah, I think we can. I think we're learning how to do that now. So, you know, one part is like trying to just figure out how to how planets form themselves and doing the simulations like that, that cascade from dust grains up to planetary embryos. That's hard to simulate because it's both you got to do both the gas and you got to do the dust and the dust colliding and all that physics.

Um, once you get up to a planet sized body, then, you know, you kind of have to switch over to almost like a different kind of simulation. They're often what you're doing is you're doing, you know, sort of, you're assuming the planet is this sort of spherical ball. And then you're doing what, you know, like a one D a radial calculation. And you're just asking like, all right.

Um, once you get up to a planet sized body, then, you know, you kind of have to switch over to almost like a different kind of simulation. They're often what you're doing is you're doing, you know, sort of, you're assuming the planet is this sort of spherical ball. And then you're doing what, you know, like a one D a radial calculation. And you're just asking like, all right.

Um, once you get up to a planet sized body, then, you know, you kind of have to switch over to almost like a different kind of simulation. They're often what you're doing is you're doing, you know, sort of, you're assuming the planet is this sort of spherical ball. And then you're doing what, you know, like a one D a radial calculation. And you're just asking like, all right.

How is this thing going to, what is the structure of it going to be? Like, am I going to have a solid iron core or am I going to get a solid iron core with that liquid iron core out around it like we have on Earth? And then you get, you know, a silicate, kind of a rocky mantle and then a crust.

How is this thing going to, what is the structure of it going to be? Like, am I going to have a solid iron core or am I going to get a solid iron core with that liquid iron core out around it like we have on Earth? And then you get, you know, a silicate, kind of a rocky mantle and then a crust.

How is this thing going to, what is the structure of it going to be? Like, am I going to have a solid iron core or am I going to get a solid iron core with that liquid iron core out around it like we have on Earth? And then you get, you know, a silicate, kind of a rocky mantle and then a crust.

All of those details, those are kind of beyond being able to do full 3D simulations from ab initio, from scratch. We're not there yet. How important are those details, like the crust and the atmosphere, do you think? Hugely important. So I'm part of a collaboration at the University of Rochester where we're using the giant laser. Literally, this is called the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

All of those details, those are kind of beyond being able to do full 3D simulations from ab initio, from scratch. We're not there yet. How important are those details, like the crust and the atmosphere, do you think? Hugely important. So I'm part of a collaboration at the University of Rochester where we're using the giant laser. Literally, this is called the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

All of those details, those are kind of beyond being able to do full 3D simulations from ab initio, from scratch. We're not there yet. How important are those details, like the crust and the atmosphere, do you think? Hugely important. So I'm part of a collaboration at the University of Rochester where we're using the giant laser. Literally, this is called the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

We got a huge grant from the NSF to use that laser to, like, slam tiny pieces of silica to understand what the conditions are like at, you know, the center of the earth, or even more importantly, the center of super earths. Like the most common, this is what's wild. The most common kind of planet in the universe we don't have in our solar system. Which is amazing, right?

We got a huge grant from the NSF to use that laser to, like, slam tiny pieces of silica to understand what the conditions are like at, you know, the center of the earth, or even more importantly, the center of super earths. Like the most common, this is what's wild. The most common kind of planet in the universe we don't have in our solar system. Which is amazing, right?

We got a huge grant from the NSF to use that laser to, like, slam tiny pieces of silica to understand what the conditions are like at, you know, the center of the earth, or even more importantly, the center of super earths. Like the most common, this is what's wild. The most common kind of planet in the universe we don't have in our solar system. Which is amazing, right?

So we've been able to study enough or observe enough planets now to get a census. You know, we pretty, you know, we kind of have an idea of what, who's average, who's weird. And our solar system's weird because the average planet has a mass between somewhere between a few times the mass of the Earth. to maybe, you know, 10 times the mass of the earth.

So we've been able to study enough or observe enough planets now to get a census. You know, we pretty, you know, we kind of have an idea of what, who's average, who's weird. And our solar system's weird because the average planet has a mass between somewhere between a few times the mass of the Earth. to maybe, you know, 10 times the mass of the earth.

So we've been able to study enough or observe enough planets now to get a census. You know, we pretty, you know, we kind of have an idea of what, who's average, who's weird. And our solar system's weird because the average planet has a mass between somewhere between a few times the mass of the Earth. to maybe, you know, 10 times the mass of the earth.