Adam Frank

It wasn't like this thing immediately happened. But what we found with this hard steps paper, because the whole idea of the hard steps paper was It was one of these anthropic reasoning kinds of things where Brandon Carter said, oh, look, the intelligence doesn't show up on Earth until about, you know, almost close to when the end of the sun's lifetime.

It wasn't like this thing immediately happened. But what we found with this hard steps paper, because the whole idea of the hard steps paper was It was one of these anthropic reasoning kinds of things where Brandon Carter said, oh, look, the intelligence doesn't show up on Earth until about, you know, almost close to when the end of the sun's lifetime.

It wasn't like this thing immediately happened. But what we found with this hard steps paper, because the whole idea of the hard steps paper was It was one of these anthropic reasoning kinds of things where Brandon Carter said, oh, look, the intelligence doesn't show up on Earth until about, you know, almost close to when the end of the sun's lifetime.

And so he's like, well, there should be no reason why the sun's lifetime and the time for evolution to produce intelligence should be the same. Uh, and so therefore, and he goes through all this reasoning, anthropic reasoning, and, and, and he ends up with the idea that like, oh, it must be that the odds of getting intelligence are super low. And so that's the hard steps, right?

And so he's like, well, there should be no reason why the sun's lifetime and the time for evolution to produce intelligence should be the same. Uh, and so therefore, and he goes through all this reasoning, anthropic reasoning, and, and, and he ends up with the idea that like, oh, it must be that the odds of getting intelligence are super low. And so that's the hard steps, right?

And so he's like, well, there should be no reason why the sun's lifetime and the time for evolution to produce intelligence should be the same. Uh, and so therefore, and he goes through all this reasoning, anthropic reasoning, and, and, and he ends up with the idea that like, oh, it must be that the odds of getting intelligence are super low. And so that's the hard steps, right?

So there was a series of steps in evolution that were, you know, very, very hard. And because of that, you can calculate some probability distributions, um, and everybody loves a good probability distribution and they went a long way with this, but it

So there was a series of steps in evolution that were, you know, very, very hard. And because of that, you can calculate some probability distributions, um, and everybody loves a good probability distribution and they went a long way with this, but it

So there was a series of steps in evolution that were, you know, very, very hard. And because of that, you can calculate some probability distributions, um, and everybody loves a good probability distribution and they went a long way with this, but it

When you look at it, of course, the timescale for the sun's evolution and the timescale for evolution on life are coupled because life and the timescale for evolution of the earth is coupled is about the same timescale as the evolution is the sun. It's billions of years. The earth evolves over billions of years and life and the earth co-evolve.

When you look at it, of course, the timescale for the sun's evolution and the timescale for evolution on life are coupled because life and the timescale for evolution of the earth is coupled is about the same timescale as the evolution is the sun. It's billions of years. The earth evolves over billions of years and life and the earth co-evolve.

When you look at it, of course, the timescale for the sun's evolution and the timescale for evolution on life are coupled because life and the timescale for evolution of the earth is coupled is about the same timescale as the evolution is the sun. It's billions of years. The earth evolves over billions of years and life and the earth co-evolve.

That's what Brandon Carter didn't see is that actually evolution. The fate of the Earth and the fate of life are inextricably combined. And this is really important for astrobiology, too. Life doesn't happen on a planet. It happens to a planet. So this is something that David Grinspoon and Sarah Walker both say. And, you know, I agree with this. It's a really nice way of putting it.

That's what Brandon Carter didn't see is that actually evolution. The fate of the Earth and the fate of life are inextricably combined. And this is really important for astrobiology, too. Life doesn't happen on a planet. It happens to a planet. So this is something that David Grinspoon and Sarah Walker both say. And, you know, I agree with this. It's a really nice way of putting it.

That's what Brandon Carter didn't see is that actually evolution. The fate of the Earth and the fate of life are inextricably combined. And this is really important for astrobiology, too. Life doesn't happen on a planet. It happens to a planet. So this is something that David Grinspoon and Sarah Walker both say. And, you know, I agree with this. It's a really nice way of putting it.

So, you know, plate tectonics, the evolution of oxygen, of an oxygen atmosphere, which only happened because of life. These things, you know, these are things that are happening where life and the planet are sort of sloshing back and forth.

So, you know, plate tectonics, the evolution of oxygen, of an oxygen atmosphere, which only happened because of life. These things, you know, these are things that are happening where life and the planet are sort of sloshing back and forth.

So, you know, plate tectonics, the evolution of oxygen, of an oxygen atmosphere, which only happened because of life. These things, you know, these are things that are happening where life and the planet are sort of sloshing back and forth.

And so rather than to your point about do you need giant catastrophes, maybe not giant catastrophes, but what happens is as the Earth and life are evolving together, windows are opening up, evolutionary windows. Like, for example, life put oxygen into the atmosphere. When life invented this new form of photosynthesis about two and a half billion years ago,

And so rather than to your point about do you need giant catastrophes, maybe not giant catastrophes, but what happens is as the Earth and life are evolving together, windows are opening up, evolutionary windows. Like, for example, life put oxygen into the atmosphere. When life invented this new form of photosynthesis about two and a half billion years ago,