Allison Pugh

So like the teacher-student relationship that underlies whether or not someone is learning algebra or can, you know, parse a sentence, that is more powerful, has a greater impact than, say, standard curriculum changes or other innovations. You might expect that to be true for the younger kids, maybe, but maybe less true for middle school or high schoolers. And actually, it's the opposite.

The effect sizes are larger in studies that are conducted in higher grades. And Teacher-student relationships are even more important when kids are academically at risk. You know, kids from disadvantaged economic backgrounds, for example, and kids with learning difficulties.

The effect sizes are larger in studies that are conducted in higher grades. And Teacher-student relationships are even more important when kids are academically at risk. You know, kids from disadvantaged economic backgrounds, for example, and kids with learning difficulties.

The effect sizes are larger in studies that are conducted in higher grades. And Teacher-student relationships are even more important when kids are academically at risk. You know, kids from disadvantaged economic backgrounds, for example, and kids with learning difficulties.

So it's like even more important for adolescents, even though we don't usually structure those schools to enable it to happen very well.

So it's like even more important for adolescents, even though we don't usually structure those schools to enable it to happen very well.

So it's like even more important for adolescents, even though we don't usually structure those schools to enable it to happen very well.

There's a lot of research that talks about how being seen by one's doctor leads to better health outcomes. and leads directly to patient well-being. And my favorite, perhaps, study here is a meta-analysis that has extremely strict inclusion criteria. So it's only randomized controlled trials in which the relationship between doctor and patient is experimentally manipulated.

There's a lot of research that talks about how being seen by one's doctor leads to better health outcomes. and leads directly to patient well-being. And my favorite, perhaps, study here is a meta-analysis that has extremely strict inclusion criteria. So it's only randomized controlled trials in which the relationship between doctor and patient is experimentally manipulated.

There's a lot of research that talks about how being seen by one's doctor leads to better health outcomes. and leads directly to patient well-being. And my favorite, perhaps, study here is a meta-analysis that has extremely strict inclusion criteria. So it's only randomized controlled trials in which the relationship between doctor and patient is experimentally manipulated.

So they tell the physicians to do or don't make eye contact or do or don't interrupt, et cetera. And based on that, these scholars, researchers conclude that the impact of clinician-patient relationship on health outcomes was significant and exceeded that of taking an aspirin every day to ward off heart attacks.

So they tell the physicians to do or don't make eye contact or do or don't interrupt, et cetera. And based on that, these scholars, researchers conclude that the impact of clinician-patient relationship on health outcomes was significant and exceeded that of taking an aspirin every day to ward off heart attacks.

So they tell the physicians to do or don't make eye contact or do or don't interrupt, et cetera. And based on that, these scholars, researchers conclude that the impact of clinician-patient relationship on health outcomes was significant and exceeded that of taking an aspirin every day to ward off heart attacks.

Exactly. I mean, think how many people take an aspirin every day to ward off heart attacks. And this is something that actually exceeds even that.

Exactly. I mean, think how many people take an aspirin every day to ward off heart attacks. And this is something that actually exceeds even that.

Exactly. I mean, think how many people take an aspirin every day to ward off heart attacks. And this is something that actually exceeds even that.

Yeah, they've done great work on this stuff. The study that I most enjoy thinking and talking about is they experimentally varied how cafe customers interacted with baristas, and then they measured their well-being afterward.

Yeah, they've done great work on this stuff. The study that I most enjoy thinking and talking about is they experimentally varied how cafe customers interacted with baristas, and then they measured their well-being afterward.

Yeah, they've done great work on this stuff. The study that I most enjoy thinking and talking about is they experimentally varied how cafe customers interacted with baristas, and then they measured their well-being afterward.

And they gave some participants, they gave them instructions to like, you know, have a genuine interaction with the cashier, smile, make eye contact, and have a brief conversation. That was the social condition. And then they had the efficient condition.