Andrew T

The Zapotec president, Benito Juarez, who from 1864 to 1867 had resisted foreign occupation by Napoleon's Emperor Maximilian and fought for constitutional reform, sought to stabilize, secularize, and modernize the country.

The Zapotec president, Benito Juarez, who from 1864 to 1867 had resisted foreign occupation by Napoleon's Emperor Maximilian and fought for constitutional reform, sought to stabilize, secularize, and modernize the country.

In the mid-1800s, figures like Juarez led a sweeping movement against the old powers of Mexico, the Catholic Church and the military, which had long dominated both land and politics. Through the layers de reforma, they seized church property, secularized education, and promised a new era of rights and equality.

In the mid-1800s, figures like Juarez led a sweeping movement against the old powers of Mexico, the Catholic Church and the military, which had long dominated both land and politics. Through the layers de reforma, they seized church property, secularized education, and promised a new era of rights and equality.

In the mid-1800s, figures like Juarez led a sweeping movement against the old powers of Mexico, the Catholic Church and the military, which had long dominated both land and politics. Through the layers de reforma, they seized church property, secularized education, and promised a new era of rights and equality.

But there was a catch, because to weaken the church, the liberals sold off its land, not to the peasants or indigenous communities who had worked on it for generations, but to wealthy buyers. Ejidos, the communal lands of indigenous peoples, were privatized. Under this liberal banner of freedom and progress, they created a new class of landlords and pushed rural people deeper into poverty.

But there was a catch, because to weaken the church, the liberals sold off its land, not to the peasants or indigenous communities who had worked on it for generations, but to wealthy buyers. Ejidos, the communal lands of indigenous peoples, were privatized. Under this liberal banner of freedom and progress, they created a new class of landlords and pushed rural people deeper into poverty.

But there was a catch, because to weaken the church, the liberals sold off its land, not to the peasants or indigenous communities who had worked on it for generations, but to wealthy buyers. Ejidos, the communal lands of indigenous peoples, were privatized. Under this liberal banner of freedom and progress, they created a new class of landlords and pushed rural people deeper into poverty.

Benito Juarez died, but his legacy lived on with those reforms to cement the separation of church and state, freedom of religion, the prohibition of forced labor, and so on. But following him came the Porfiriato, a 30-year-long dictatorship under the Mixtec president Porfirio Diaz, who continued the modernization of the country but also deepened its long-standing inequalities.

Benito Juarez died, but his legacy lived on with those reforms to cement the separation of church and state, freedom of religion, the prohibition of forced labor, and so on. But following him came the Porfiriato, a 30-year-long dictatorship under the Mixtec president Porfirio Diaz, who continued the modernization of the country but also deepened its long-standing inequalities.

Benito Juarez died, but his legacy lived on with those reforms to cement the separation of church and state, freedom of religion, the prohibition of forced labor, and so on. But following him came the Porfiriato, a 30-year-long dictatorship under the Mixtec president Porfirio Diaz, who continued the modernization of the country but also deepened its long-standing inequalities.

Porfirio Diaz surrounded himself with intellectuals known as the scientificos. They were positivists, as in adherents of the positivist school of philosophy, which advocated for rational planning and economic development as a path to social progress.

Porfirio Diaz surrounded himself with intellectuals known as the scientificos. They were positivists, as in adherents of the positivist school of philosophy, which advocated for rational planning and economic development as a path to social progress.

Porfirio Diaz surrounded himself with intellectuals known as the scientificos. They were positivists, as in adherents of the positivist school of philosophy, which advocated for rational planning and economic development as a path to social progress.

His slogan was pan o palo, the bread or the stick, and reflected the policy of rewarding compliance with prosperity while punishing dissent with severe consequences. The liberty, order and progress equation sacrificed liberty as the Mexican people were expected to trade freedom for the benefits of these policies.

His slogan was pan o palo, the bread or the stick, and reflected the policy of rewarding compliance with prosperity while punishing dissent with severe consequences. The liberty, order and progress equation sacrificed liberty as the Mexican people were expected to trade freedom for the benefits of these policies.

His slogan was pan o palo, the bread or the stick, and reflected the policy of rewarding compliance with prosperity while punishing dissent with severe consequences. The liberty, order and progress equation sacrificed liberty as the Mexican people were expected to trade freedom for the benefits of these policies.

Workers ended up facing low wages, long hours, and of course lacked rights, while estate laborers were landless and under the arbitrary rule of mayordomos. Education was largely restricted to elites in major cities. Groups like the Yaqui Indians were forcibly relocated as cheap labor to plantations.

Workers ended up facing low wages, long hours, and of course lacked rights, while estate laborers were landless and under the arbitrary rule of mayordomos. Education was largely restricted to elites in major cities. Groups like the Yaqui Indians were forcibly relocated as cheap labor to plantations.

Workers ended up facing low wages, long hours, and of course lacked rights, while estate laborers were landless and under the arbitrary rule of mayordomos. Education was largely restricted to elites in major cities. Groups like the Yaqui Indians were forcibly relocated as cheap labor to plantations.