Andy Penn

So I think if you've got the principle in an organization that says that we need to be able to

understand and rationalize why the answers that are coming out of AI are what they are, and we can reverse engineer that, and then we can test those answers to make sure that they're not causing us to do inappropriate or unethical things, then I think that's the philosophical approach that we need from a governance perspective.

At a practical level, there is no internet without a telecommunications network.

All of the traffic across the internet goes across the telecommunications network.

So when you're the CEO of the biggest telecommunication network and the national network in the country,

you basically are responsible for the network where most malicious cyber activity is actually going.

And so as a consequence of that, I needed to be very thoughtful about it because I became the CEO in 2015.

And from that period of time, cyber malicious activity really increased quite dramatically sort of internationally.

And so I was both concerned from protecting our own customers' perspective, but then I started to work very closely with the government from a national policy perspective, and how do we help defend the country, and how do we get on top and address this challenge?

And then through that, as you say, I chaired the expert advisory boards, and then subsequently, since stepping down from Toronto, I've had a number of roles in this whole landscape.

At the end of the day, though...

This risk, in a sense, it's got parallels with any other type of risk that boards and management have to deal with.

Cyber security, I think often people are looking for some sort of silver bullet solution.

Well, there is no single silver bullet solution because the problems or the vulnerabilities

exist all over your infrastructure.

And so actually it requires quite a comprehensive program of activity.

It's not a surprise, is it, that as we have chosen to do more and more things online, such as banking, shopping, making our reservations, doing business online, studying online, it's unsurprising that the people that used to do

bad things to us in the physical world have followed us online.

It's entirely, if you like, predictable.

And so I think part of my philosophy on this is, I think, again, sometimes people fall into the trap of saying, right, well,