Betül Kaçar

You're full of a cliff once you pass Cambrian.

In fact, there's all these, you know, adiacrin things and footsteps and, you know, like bones and whatever.

Bones are late, but, you know.

Exactly.

You got nothing.

So a lot of people were also, at that time, there's all these intense letters to Darwin saying, how do you explain what happens?

Because there's a gap, right?

There's this huge gap.

And through these studies that are only 30, 40 years old, we now know that that entire 4 billion period was microbial.

And now we are able to go to a rock and atomically process it and understand that those colors are generated from due to once living microbe.

Insane.

And it is red because there was oxygen on the planet and they liked iron, but boo hoo, so bad.

It's a catastrophe because now there's oxygen on the planet and you're gone.

So what we are interested in understanding is that how that shift, the presence of oxygen, transforms organisms and entire life on this planet.

There are two ways.

One is coming from biology, and that's biological nitrogen fixation.

And we also have the Haber-Bosch process.

It's a very energetically expansive process.

It not only obviously uses nitrogen, but also hydrogen.

And in the presence of a catalyst and really high pressure, produces ammonia.