Cari Cesarotti

It's usually much closer to one or two.

It's usually much closer to one or two.

Yeah, often you'll hear these two machines sort of described as electrons are the precision machine because you can get very, everything's very clean, right? Like you just have electron in, electron in, and then you know the energy and the collision can be basically completely reconstructed, assuming what comes out. Versus for protons, it's like smashing cars together. There's debris everywhere.

Yeah, often you'll hear these two machines sort of described as electrons are the precision machine because you can get very, everything's very clean, right? Like you just have electron in, electron in, and then you know the energy and the collision can be basically completely reconstructed, assuming what comes out. Versus for protons, it's like smashing cars together. There's debris everywhere.

You don't know exactly what collided into what. And, you know, it's kind of like hitting something with a big hammer and just a bunch of stuff can come out. But knowing exactly where it came from and how it came to be is a much harder question. So protons are called... Yeah, sorry. Electron-electron is precision.

You don't know exactly what collided into what. And, you know, it's kind of like hitting something with a big hammer and just a bunch of stuff can come out. But knowing exactly where it came from and how it came to be is a much harder question. So protons are called... Yeah, sorry. Electron-electron is precision.

And then proton-proton is often called discovery because you can have all that high energy available to you.

And then proton-proton is often called discovery because you can have all that high energy available to you.

Yeah, so that's a great point. And maybe the way that these things are named is kind of unfair to E plus, E minus machines. So like we were talking about in the beginning with the standard model, part of understanding the standard model is knowing to what degree our predictions are correct, right? Because in science, you never get to say definitively, oh, this number is correct.

Yeah, so that's a great point. And maybe the way that these things are named is kind of unfair to E plus, E minus machines. So like we were talking about in the beginning with the standard model, part of understanding the standard model is knowing to what degree our predictions are correct, right? Because in science, you never get to say definitively, oh, this number is correct.

You can only measure it to a certain precision. And that's sort of the claim that you can make. So with precision machines, precision machines are standard model machines in the sense that they try to measure standard model things.

You can only measure it to a certain precision. And that's sort of the claim that you can make. So with precision machines, precision machines are standard model machines in the sense that they try to measure standard model things.

But they are also discovery machines in sort of a roundabout way in the sense that if you were to discover something that is not matching the standard model prediction, that's a hint of a discovery. So you don't get to actually physically make the particle and point to it and say, look at this, we did it.

But they are also discovery machines in sort of a roundabout way in the sense that if you were to discover something that is not matching the standard model prediction, that's a hint of a discovery. So you don't get to actually physically make the particle and point to it and say, look at this, we did it.

But you get to say, OK, there's a discrepancy in our data, and this could be indicative of new physics. So I guess that's why, you know, we call it precision versus discovery because it can't make, it can't concretely define unambiguously that there is something new going on, but it can absolutely help us sort of know where to look when we go to the higher energies.

But you get to say, OK, there's a discrepancy in our data, and this could be indicative of new physics. So I guess that's why, you know, we call it precision versus discovery because it can't make, it can't concretely define unambiguously that there is something new going on, but it can absolutely help us sort of know where to look when we go to the higher energies.

Yeah, absolutely. And even if something's not new physics in the sense that there's a new particle or a new degree of freedom that we haven't accounted for, the fact that there could still be new phenomena that we haven't understood is still, of course, a super exciting discovery to make.

Yeah, absolutely. And even if something's not new physics in the sense that there's a new particle or a new degree of freedom that we haven't accounted for, the fact that there could still be new phenomena that we haven't understood is still, of course, a super exciting discovery to make.

Oh, boy. So this is the question of the decade for collider physicists. So there are a couple of different ideas that people want to get into. So we can go as slow or as fast through this part as you want. But to summarize quickly, there are basically three kinds of machines people want to think about making. One is a linear E plus, E minus collider.

Oh, boy. So this is the question of the decade for collider physicists. So there are a couple of different ideas that people want to get into. So we can go as slow or as fast through this part as you want. But to summarize quickly, there are basically three kinds of machines people want to think about making. One is a linear E plus, E minus collider.