Cari Cesarotti

So you collide electron-positron or electron-anti-electron at reasonably high energies, so around a TeV or so, or maybe just near the Higgs mass to make a bunch of Higgs bosons. But you collide them in a line. So you don't get to circulate. You just collide them in a line. They either collide or they don't, and that's the end. Another option is to use circular colliders.

So you collide electron-positron or electron-anti-electron at reasonably high energies, so around a TeV or so, or maybe just near the Higgs mass to make a bunch of Higgs bosons. But you collide them in a line. So you don't get to circulate. You just collide them in a line. They either collide or they don't, and that's the end. Another option is to use circular colliders.

So this is what the LHC and the Tevatron were, is that you circulate these particles. So if they miss their collision, they still have another chance. And if you ever studied electromagnetism in school, you know that putting things in a circle is very different than putting things in a line. So that comes up with its own complications, and we can certainly get into that.

So this is what the LHC and the Tevatron were, is that you circulate these particles. So if they miss their collision, they still have another chance. And if you ever studied electromagnetism in school, you know that putting things in a circle is very different than putting things in a line. So that comes up with its own complications, and we can certainly get into that.

But in terms of circular colliders, we either think about doing a lepton collider, so either electrons or my favorite, muons, which are certainly an immature technology, or doing protons, so basically doing a bigger, badder version of what we can do at the LHC.

But in terms of circular colliders, we either think about doing a lepton collider, so either electrons or my favorite, muons, which are certainly an immature technology, or doing protons, so basically doing a bigger, badder version of what we can do at the LHC.

So... Since these are pretty big scale projects, and since we are kind of in this exploratory range of particle physics, I think that the attitude that a lot of these funding agencies and lab directors and experimentalists who actually want to see things happen versus just be like me and dream with a Mathematica notebook, I think given this climate,

So... Since these are pretty big scale projects, and since we are kind of in this exploratory range of particle physics, I think that the attitude that a lot of these funding agencies and lab directors and experimentalists who actually want to see things happen versus just be like me and dream with a Mathematica notebook, I think given this climate,

And the fact that we can actually study a lot of Higgs physics with somewhat low energy things. I think the current attitude is to focus on lower energy circular electron colliders. And sort of the two places in the world that are presenting the most on-shell concepts of these projects would be China with the circular electron positron collider.

And the fact that we can actually study a lot of Higgs physics with somewhat low energy things. I think the current attitude is to focus on lower energy circular electron colliders. And sort of the two places in the world that are presenting the most on-shell concepts of these projects would be China with the circular electron positron collider.

and CERN with the Future Circular Collider, or FCC, and then the FCCEE, so Electron-Electron Collider. But of course, one day it might not be future, so we'll have to rename it. But that's what it is for now.

and CERN with the Future Circular Collider, or FCC, and then the FCCEE, so Electron-Electron Collider. But of course, one day it might not be future, so we'll have to rename it. But that's what it is for now.

I mean, I talk to a lot of physicists, Sean.

I mean, I talk to a lot of physicists, Sean.

I mean, so for this next round of... experiments. The thing that the US has chosen to invest in right now is neutrino physics. So Fermilab, which is sort of our flagship particle physics laboratory near Chicago, Illinois, is committed to doing a big experiment called DUNE, and that's sort of measuring neutrino properties.

I mean, so for this next round of... experiments. The thing that the US has chosen to invest in right now is neutrino physics. So Fermilab, which is sort of our flagship particle physics laboratory near Chicago, Illinois, is committed to doing a big experiment called DUNE, and that's sort of measuring neutrino properties.

So the lab will have to go through a lot of updates in order to make this experiment the most efficient version that it can be. And that leads us for a lot of possibilities for doing things like research and development at Fermilab.

So the lab will have to go through a lot of updates in order to make this experiment the most efficient version that it can be. And that leads us for a lot of possibilities for doing things like research and development at Fermilab.

But I think that in combination with the fact that other big laboratories in the world are willing to and have put a lot of time and effort into sort of making a more concrete plan. Yeah, the U.S. is not going to be likely where we have the next E plus E minus circular collider.

But I think that in combination with the fact that other big laboratories in the world are willing to and have put a lot of time and effort into sort of making a more concrete plan. Yeah, the U.S. is not going to be likely where we have the next E plus E minus circular collider.