Charan Ranganath

Some people who study spikes in neurons would say, well, that's terrible. We don't want that. Likewise, it's slow. And that's terrible for measuring things that are very fast. But one of the things that we found in our work was when we give people movies and when we give people stories to listen to, a lot of the action is in the very, very slow stuff.

It's in, because if you're thinking about like a story, let's say you're listening to a podcast or you're listening to the Lex Friedman podcast, right? You're putting this stuff together and building this internal model over several seconds, right? which is basically we filter that out when we look at electrical activity in the brain because we're interested in this millisecond scale.

It's in, because if you're thinking about like a story, let's say you're listening to a podcast or you're listening to the Lex Friedman podcast, right? You're putting this stuff together and building this internal model over several seconds, right? which is basically we filter that out when we look at electrical activity in the brain because we're interested in this millisecond scale.

It's in, because if you're thinking about like a story, let's say you're listening to a podcast or you're listening to the Lex Friedman podcast, right? You're putting this stuff together and building this internal model over several seconds, right? which is basically we filter that out when we look at electrical activity in the brain because we're interested in this millisecond scale.

It's almost massive amounts of information, right? So the way I see it is every technique gives you a little limited window into what's going on. fMRI has huge problems. People lie down in the scanner. There's parts of the brain where I'll show you in some of these images where you'll see gaping holes because you can't keep the magnetic field stable in those spots.

It's almost massive amounts of information, right? So the way I see it is every technique gives you a little limited window into what's going on. fMRI has huge problems. People lie down in the scanner. There's parts of the brain where I'll show you in some of these images where you'll see gaping holes because you can't keep the magnetic field stable in those spots.

It's almost massive amounts of information, right? So the way I see it is every technique gives you a little limited window into what's going on. fMRI has huge problems. People lie down in the scanner. There's parts of the brain where I'll show you in some of these images where you'll see gaping holes because you can't keep the magnetic field stable in those spots.

You'll see parts where it's like there's a vein and so it just produces big increase and decrease in signal or respiration that causes these changes. There's lots of artifacts and stuff like that. Every technique has its limits. If I'm lying down in an MRI scanner, I'm lying down. I'm not interacting with you in the same way that I would in the real world.

You'll see parts where it's like there's a vein and so it just produces big increase and decrease in signal or respiration that causes these changes. There's lots of artifacts and stuff like that. Every technique has its limits. If I'm lying down in an MRI scanner, I'm lying down. I'm not interacting with you in the same way that I would in the real world.

You'll see parts where it's like there's a vein and so it just produces big increase and decrease in signal or respiration that causes these changes. There's lots of artifacts and stuff like that. Every technique has its limits. If I'm lying down in an MRI scanner, I'm lying down. I'm not interacting with you in the same way that I would in the real world.

But at the same time, I'm getting data that I might not be able to get otherwise. And so different techniques give you different kinds of advantages.

But at the same time, I'm getting data that I might not be able to get otherwise. And so different techniques give you different kinds of advantages.

But at the same time, I'm getting data that I might not be able to get otherwise. And so different techniques give you different kinds of advantages.

there's so many it's really so hard to summarize it I mean I think it's funny because it's like when you're in the field you can get kind of blase about this stuff but then once I started to write the book I was like oh my god this is really interesting how did we do all this stuff um

there's so many it's really so hard to summarize it I mean I think it's funny because it's like when you're in the field you can get kind of blase about this stuff but then once I started to write the book I was like oh my god this is really interesting how did we do all this stuff um

there's so many it's really so hard to summarize it I mean I think it's funny because it's like when you're in the field you can get kind of blase about this stuff but then once I started to write the book I was like oh my god this is really interesting how did we do all this stuff um

I would say that some of the, I mean, you know, from the first studies, just showing how much we forget is very important. Showing how much schemas, which is our organized knowledge about the world, increase our ability to remember information, just massively increase it.

I would say that some of the, I mean, you know, from the first studies, just showing how much we forget is very important. Showing how much schemas, which is our organized knowledge about the world, increase our ability to remember information, just massively increase it.

I would say that some of the, I mean, you know, from the first studies, just showing how much we forget is very important. Showing how much schemas, which is our organized knowledge about the world, increase our ability to remember information, just massively increase it.

Studies of expertise showing how experts like chess experts can memorize so much in such a short amount of time because of the schemas they have for chess. But then also showing that those lead to all sorts of distortions in memory. The discovery that the act of remembering can change the memory, can strengthen it, but it can also distort it if you get misinformation at the time.