Cliff Kuang

And in one famous instance in World War II, it turned out that there was something almost 500 crashes within a span of 22 months, all caused because the wing flaps and the landing gear in a particular plane, the B-17, were almost identical. So that when people come in to land these planes, they would, for example, hit the wing flaps, meaning to push the landing gear, and end up causing a crash.

And so therefore, in some ways, the machine had to be bent around the man as opposed to people being trained to use more and more complicated machines. And we live with that fundamental shift in thinking to this day.

And so therefore, in some ways, the machine had to be bent around the man as opposed to people being trained to use more and more complicated machines. And we live with that fundamental shift in thinking to this day.

And so therefore, in some ways, the machine had to be bent around the man as opposed to people being trained to use more and more complicated machines. And we live with that fundamental shift in thinking to this day.

And what was interesting at the time is that, you know, if you were in the Air Force and the Army at the time, you know, this is actually the beginning of IQ tests in the military, which was like they were intensively testing all these different soldiers, hoping that they could fit them into exactly the perfect job. Right. And it turns out that that doesn't work.

And what was interesting at the time is that, you know, if you were in the Air Force and the Army at the time, you know, this is actually the beginning of IQ tests in the military, which was like they were intensively testing all these different soldiers, hoping that they could fit them into exactly the perfect job. Right. And it turns out that that doesn't work.

And what was interesting at the time is that, you know, if you were in the Air Force and the Army at the time, you know, this is actually the beginning of IQ tests in the military, which was like they were intensively testing all these different soldiers, hoping that they could fit them into exactly the perfect job. Right. And it turns out that that doesn't work.

It turns out that no matter how well trained somebody is, they're going to make mistakes. And unless you design machines to be simpler to use as opposed to being more complex and therefore requiring more training, you can't solve that problem.

It turns out that no matter how well trained somebody is, they're going to make mistakes. And unless you design machines to be simpler to use as opposed to being more complex and therefore requiring more training, you can't solve that problem.

It turns out that no matter how well trained somebody is, they're going to make mistakes. And unless you design machines to be simpler to use as opposed to being more complex and therefore requiring more training, you can't solve that problem.

And so that shift in thinking, which I call a real paradigm shift that's unappreciated, really set in motion a lot of the ways that we look at technology today. You know, for example, assuming that things shouldn't come with instruction manuals or assuming that things should be able to be used without you ever having to really be told explicitly how to use them.

And so that shift in thinking, which I call a real paradigm shift that's unappreciated, really set in motion a lot of the ways that we look at technology today. You know, for example, assuming that things shouldn't come with instruction manuals or assuming that things should be able to be used without you ever having to really be told explicitly how to use them.

And so that shift in thinking, which I call a real paradigm shift that's unappreciated, really set in motion a lot of the ways that we look at technology today. You know, for example, assuming that things shouldn't come with instruction manuals or assuming that things should be able to be used without you ever having to really be told explicitly how to use them.

I traced this change to back to the Macintosh computer. Right. And so some 35 years after that insight first landed, um, in the cockpits of B 17 bombers and psychologists started figuring out this idea of bending the machine to the man. You actually get the first Macintosh that Apple creates.

I traced this change to back to the Macintosh computer. Right. And so some 35 years after that insight first landed, um, in the cockpits of B 17 bombers and psychologists started figuring out this idea of bending the machine to the man. You actually get the first Macintosh that Apple creates.

I traced this change to back to the Macintosh computer. Right. And so some 35 years after that insight first landed, um, in the cockpits of B 17 bombers and psychologists started figuring out this idea of bending the machine to the man. You actually get the first Macintosh that Apple creates.

And in those first ads, they describe it as the computer should be taught how people work as opposed to teaching people how computers work, right? And so that idea is directly descended from that World War II insight. And what it produces is this machine that's actually meant to conform to our expectations about how a machine might work.

And in those first ads, they describe it as the computer should be taught how people work as opposed to teaching people how computers work, right? And so that idea is directly descended from that World War II insight. And what it produces is this machine that's actually meant to conform to our expectations about how a machine might work.

And in those first ads, they describe it as the computer should be taught how people work as opposed to teaching people how computers work, right? And so that idea is directly descended from that World War II insight. And what it produces is this machine that's actually meant to conform to our expectations about how a machine might work.

based on our previous assumptions about how the world at large works. So you get things like the desktop metaphor, which helps us understand what a personal computer should do, right? And so that sets us on that path to essentially eliminating the instruction manual, right?