David Reich

So people think, oh, it should be the East Asian males kind of somehow dominating the local females or something.

You see the reverse, and this is what's going on.

And it's not like – it's very complicated and subtle.

So when you actually see evidence of males and females behaving differently, it proves that there's socially –

asymmetric behavior of two groups as they interact with.

What it means is confusing.

It could be female mate choice.

It could be violence.

It could be genocide.

It could be different patterns of male and female dispersal with groups who travel being of one sex or the other.

And we can look for clues in the genetic data.

And certainly in concert with the archaeology, we can maybe figure out more.

Yeah.

I don't know.

I think it may be a numerical issue.

If you look at the part of the world where we have the best data in the Holocene, the last 10,000 years, there are places of long-term survival of hunter-gatherers for a few thousand more years than elsewhere.

In the Netherlands, for example, hunter-gatherers survive for several thousand more years than in the surrounding areas, probably because they're exploiting the wetlands, but they're gone soon enough once something happens.

Mammoths go extinct mostly.

14,000 years ago, but they survive on Wrangel Island north of Siberia until 4,000 years ago.

At some point, each of these places is encountered by the spread of modern humans at high densities.