David Reich

And in fact, the Yamnaya people actually lose out in that interaction.

And in fact, the Corded Ware males absorb and take Yamnaya females

And they actually also take farmer females, because you actually see these sites in early Corded Ware sites in Czechia where both things are happening.

Females from farmers and females from Yamnai are being absorbed into the Corded Ware community, and then they expand further.

So what you actually have is a two-step process where you have a male Yamnai expansion, and then that ancestry from the steppe is carried further through females being absorbed into the Corded Ware, and then another male-driven expansion under the Corded Ware.

and so on.

And that brings both female and male Yamnaya lineages west, but not always with the Yamnaya ancestry being associated with the kind of intuition that you would think it's domination.

The same sort of parallel thing in another part of the world is what you see in remote Oceania in the southwest Pacific.

So if you look at Vanuatu, which is the islands, some of the first islands that people got about 3,000 years ago in the Southwest Pacific, so moving to this other part of the world, if you look at New Guinea and Australia, people are there almost a little bit after 50,000 years ago.

People are in the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago to the east of New Guinea maybe 35,000 to 40,000 years ago, and they stop in the Pacific as all these fertile islands

places that are good places for people to live.

It's completely empty of people until 3,000 years ago.

Suddenly, these people from Taiwan go through the Philippines, they skirt the edge of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, and they get to Vanuatu and Fiji and Tonga and New Caledonia and Samoa.

about 3,000 years ago, super rapidly in the guise of something called the Lapita Cultural Complex.

And if you look at the DNA of the people from this, they're almost entirely East Asian in ancestry.

They look like early Taiwanese people.

And today, people in Vanuatu in Fiji and Tonga in New Caledonia have only 10% of this DNA.

So something else happened afterward.

The first people are almost entirely East Asian via Taiwan and the Philippines.

And then you look at later DNA from the same part, and 2,500 years ago, 500 years after the initial arrival, there's mass movement in a male-driven way from New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago into Vanuatu of Papuans, people...