Dr. Adeel Khan
speaker
165 appearances
1 recordings
1 series
first heard Nov 2024
last heard Nov 2024
Dr. Adeel Khan’s voice in public audio — every appearance, attributed to the second.
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Yeah, exactly. Unfortunately, using your own stem cells, there's many reasons not to, but the biggest one is definitely they've gone through a lot of replicative stress because they've gone through their own aging process. And so they can actually have markers of senescence and other even cancer markers as you get older.
So you don't want to take your own stem cells and put them in your body, especially if you're over age 40. But anyway, yeah, back to the point about what these stem cells are doing inside of your body. The mesenchymal stem cells are primarily reducing inflammation via what's called the secretome. So the secretome is kind of the soup that the stem cells grow in or release
and there's signals so there's micro rnas there's what are called cytokines which are these proteins that that help to reduce inflammation there's growth factors so this is all what's called the secretome and depending on what type of secretome the stem cells are releasing dictates their ability to change the micro environment and help with these different cellular processes so for example
the secretome of a stem cell from your own body isn't going to be as good as a secretome from umbilical cord tissue. And you can probably understand that intuitively because it's like, oh yeah, it makes sense. My cells are old. They've gone through X amount of cell damage versus umbilical cord tissue, which doesn't.
And that's why exosomes are such a hot topic because if most of the benefits of mesenchymal stem cells are due to the signaling process, then why not just isolate those signals and inject those? And that's what the exosomes are.
Yeah, I mean, you kind of just said the definition, which is they're a type of extracellular vesicle, which are just packages by which your cell communicates with other cells. So they help with cell to cell communication. And there's different type of extracellular vesicles. So there's something called apoptotic bodies. There's something called MVBs, which are microvesicle bundles.
And then there's exosomes, which are the smallest type of extracellular vesicle. So extracellular vesicle or EVs is kind of the class. And then there's different types of EVs and exosomes are the smallest type of EVs. And they're basically to help facilitate cell to cell communication, which interestingly changes as you age.
So exosomes are also becoming a hot topic in diagnostics because it turns out the exosome profile of your cells as they become cancerous or as they become chronic diseases, you can detect certain exosome products because we did have this technology, right, like five years ago. And now we do. And now we can figure out, hey, the signals your cells are sending are changing.
This means that you might be developing this problem. So that's why exosomes are becoming a hot topic in diagnostics too. And then, of course, in intervention or therapeutics, then it makes sense because, like you said, it's all about the signals that are being sent by the stem cells that dictate their ability to modulate or change the cells in a favorable way. And now...
The exosomes can be isolated in a lot of different ways. Previously, it can only be done through, you know, ultra centrifugation of cells that are replicating. So you have to have cells that are replicating, but now that technology is improving so that you can actually get exosomes from terminally differentiated cells.
So meaning even if they're not replicating, you can, you can basically homogenize, it's called homogenization, which is basically like, you know, you're blending, you know, how you, you know, you blend like fruit to get like the, the pulp out and the juice. It's like taking the juice basically of tissue and that's the exosome. So you can do that now with any tissue.
So for example, there's people working on natural killer exosomes, dendritic cell exosomes, exosomes from liver, from muscle. So there's so many interesting exosome products being worked at. There's 290 or 281 patterns or something like that on exosomes in the last like couple of years. So that can tell you the scale.
Oh yeah. So that tells you the scale though, 200 over 200 patents on just exosomes alone in the last couple of years. So that tells you the scale and the magnitude of research that's happening right now.
Exactly. Yeah. Yeah. So yeah, a few things. First thing I would say, just because you touched on a little bit, was there's a lot of politics limiting regenerative medicine's ability to really get mainstream in US.
And interestingly, Japan has the opposite politics, which is that because of Professor Yamanaka, they spent $8 billion of taxpayer money on regenerative medicine, and they have lobbyists for regenerative medicine. So it's very different. environment that's actually favorable for regenerative medicine.
And unfortunately, the US has taken a really archaic stance to the point where they regulate exosomes, which is an a cellular product, meaning it doesn't have any cells, like you said, no DNA material, and therefore we know it's very safe. They're just signals that stay in the body for minutes to hours, and then they're more or less they're gone.
But they help to change the micro environment and help to change the functioning of cells. And so the safety is so high of exosomes, but FDA has decided to regulate it like a drug. And so therefore an FDA has still not approved any drug or any exosome products.
So technically, I mean, obviously there's so many clinics offering it, which is very interesting, but technically none of them are FDA approved. So it's just something to understand the regulatory environment. I don't agree with it, but that's the world we live in. And that's why people have to travel offshore, unfortunately. And I think that's going to be the way it is for the next few years.
It'll take a while before even someone like us gets FDA approval for the new exosomes. It takes seven years, five to seven years. You have to go through the phase one, the phase two, the phase three, the post-market. You have to go through all that. And even then, you may not get FDA approval. And so they really made it difficult for regenerative medicine, which doesn't make sense.
Oh, yeah, exactly. U.S. is being left behind, basically.
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