Dr. Andrea Apolo

I think there are more similarities and differences. And from the outcomes that we have seen, I don't really see any difference. So I use pembrolizumab. I like the dosing schedule, and I'm very comfortable with it.

So the upper tract data was not as robust as what we had seen in, you know, what we had hoped, but we had seen in lower tract patients, which are predominantly bladder, and it did include some urethra, but predominantly bladder. About 20% of the patients were upper tract, and we didn't limit the enrollment of upper tract.

So the upper tract data was not as robust as what we had seen in, you know, what we had hoped, but we had seen in lower tract patients, which are predominantly bladder, and it did include some urethra, but predominantly bladder. About 20% of the patients were upper tract, and we didn't limit the enrollment of upper tract.

So the upper tract data was not as robust as what we had seen in, you know, what we had hoped, but we had seen in lower tract patients, which are predominantly bladder, and it did include some urethra, but predominantly bladder. About 20% of the patients were upper tract, and we didn't limit the enrollment of upper tract.

And we actually didn't see a difference in terms of benefit with adjuvant pembrolizumab versus observation. And I can't explain why yet. We've done a bunch of subgroup analysis to try to tease out ureter versus renal pelvis. And the truth is these numbers are so small and the confidence intervals overlap. So it's really hard to make any conclusions from the data that we have.

And we actually didn't see a difference in terms of benefit with adjuvant pembrolizumab versus observation. And I can't explain why yet. We've done a bunch of subgroup analysis to try to tease out ureter versus renal pelvis. And the truth is these numbers are so small and the confidence intervals overlap. So it's really hard to make any conclusions from the data that we have.

And we actually didn't see a difference in terms of benefit with adjuvant pembrolizumab versus observation. And I can't explain why yet. We've done a bunch of subgroup analysis to try to tease out ureter versus renal pelvis. And the truth is these numbers are so small and the confidence intervals overlap. So it's really hard to make any conclusions from the data that we have.

It is a different biology, but I would have thought that these patients... maybe perhaps would have had a great response. And right now, I think we have a lot to learn and we need to tease that data a little bit more and really do trials in upper track to better understand who are the patients that benefit. Now, that being said, given that the trial was not really designed to

It is a different biology, but I would have thought that these patients... maybe perhaps would have had a great response. And right now, I think we have a lot to learn and we need to tease that data a little bit more and really do trials in upper track to better understand who are the patients that benefit. Now, that being said, given that the trial was not really designed to

It is a different biology, but I would have thought that these patients... maybe perhaps would have had a great response. And right now, I think we have a lot to learn and we need to tease that data a little bit more and really do trials in upper track to better understand who are the patients that benefit. Now, that being said, given that the trial was not really designed to

select for the upper tract patients and you can't make conclusions from subgroup analysis, I give it to upper tract patients. But I tell them the data. I tell them the data and I say, do you want it? And most patients want it because they... Upper tract is scary.

select for the upper tract patients and you can't make conclusions from subgroup analysis, I give it to upper tract patients. But I tell them the data. I tell them the data and I say, do you want it? And most patients want it because they... Upper tract is scary.

select for the upper tract patients and you can't make conclusions from subgroup analysis, I give it to upper tract patients. But I tell them the data. I tell them the data and I say, do you want it? And most patients want it because they... Upper tract is scary.

The question that I think comes up is what is the role now of adjuvant immunotherapy now that we have the Niagara data, right? So how does that fit in? I mean, if everyone's going to be getting Dervalium-AV plus Gem-Sys in the neoadjuvant setting,

The question that I think comes up is what is the role now of adjuvant immunotherapy now that we have the Niagara data, right? So how does that fit in? I mean, if everyone's going to be getting Dervalium-AV plus Gem-Sys in the neoadjuvant setting,

The question that I think comes up is what is the role now of adjuvant immunotherapy now that we have the Niagara data, right? So how does that fit in? I mean, if everyone's going to be getting Dervalium-AV plus Gem-Sys in the neoadjuvant setting,

And the truth is that that's not going to be the case because there's a lot of patients that, you know, refuse cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, are not eligible for cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, are not going to get any neoadjuvant chemotherapy. About, you know, half of our patients in the ambassador study got no neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

And the truth is that that's not going to be the case because there's a lot of patients that, you know, refuse cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, are not eligible for cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, are not going to get any neoadjuvant chemotherapy. About, you know, half of our patients in the ambassador study got no neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

And the truth is that that's not going to be the case because there's a lot of patients that, you know, refuse cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, are not eligible for cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, are not going to get any neoadjuvant chemotherapy. About, you know, half of our patients in the ambassador study got no neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

And, you know, the predominant reason was because they weren't eligible to receive it. And then there's also a group of patients that we think are not T2. And then we do the surgery and they are. And they are really high risk, higher than T2. So I think for those patients, adjuvant checkpoint inhibitor is still an important treatment option.