Dr. Andrea Apolo

And, you know, the predominant reason was because they weren't eligible to receive it. And then there's also a group of patients that we think are not T2. And then we do the surgery and they are. And they are really high risk, higher than T2. So I think for those patients, adjuvant checkpoint inhibitor is still an important treatment option.

And, you know, the predominant reason was because they weren't eligible to receive it. And then there's also a group of patients that we think are not T2. And then we do the surgery and they are. And they are really high risk, higher than T2. So I think for those patients, adjuvant checkpoint inhibitor is still an important treatment option.

So I think that's where we'll kind of fit with the Niagara data that we just saw.

So I think that's where we'll kind of fit with the Niagara data that we just saw.

So I think that's where we'll kind of fit with the Niagara data that we just saw.

No, that's a great question. And right now what I'm doing is I do offer them cisplatinum-based chemotherapy if they did not receive it and they were eligible. But again, if they refuse it in the neoadjuvant setting, they're probably going to refuse it in the adjuvant setting.

No, that's a great question. And right now what I'm doing is I do offer them cisplatinum-based chemotherapy if they did not receive it and they were eligible. But again, if they refuse it in the neoadjuvant setting, they're probably going to refuse it in the adjuvant setting.

No, that's a great question. And right now what I'm doing is I do offer them cisplatinum-based chemotherapy if they did not receive it and they were eligible. But again, if they refuse it in the neoadjuvant setting, they're probably going to refuse it in the adjuvant setting.

They have their fear of the platinum-based chemotherapy, which we try to alleviate, but a lot of patients just don't want it. But I do offer it to patients if they didn't receive it and they're eligible in the adjuvant setting, I do offer them cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. And I also offer it for upper tract patients, which, you know, we have protective data for that.

They have their fear of the platinum-based chemotherapy, which we try to alleviate, but a lot of patients just don't want it. But I do offer it to patients if they didn't receive it and they're eligible in the adjuvant setting, I do offer them cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. And I also offer it for upper tract patients, which, you know, we have protective data for that.

They have their fear of the platinum-based chemotherapy, which we try to alleviate, but a lot of patients just don't want it. But I do offer it to patients if they didn't receive it and they're eligible in the adjuvant setting, I do offer them cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. And I also offer it for upper tract patients, which, you know, we have protective data for that.

It's such a great question. And I think there's a lot of effort right now ongoing to try to understand the role of biomarkers, specifically ctDNA, and how we can incorporate them prospectively and better select the patients that actually need therapy. So as medical oncologists, we intensify treatment a lot because we want to

It's such a great question. And I think there's a lot of effort right now ongoing to try to understand the role of biomarkers, specifically ctDNA, and how we can incorporate them prospectively and better select the patients that actually need therapy. So as medical oncologists, we intensify treatment a lot because we want to

It's such a great question. And I think there's a lot of effort right now ongoing to try to understand the role of biomarkers, specifically ctDNA, and how we can incorporate them prospectively and better select the patients that actually need therapy. So as medical oncologists, we intensify treatment a lot because we want to

provide the best overall outcomes for patients safely, of course, but give them the best chance. But we do over-treat patients. And I think that's why one of the reasons these adjuvant trials are so large is because we have to treat a lot of patients in order to see a benefit. And a lot of patients that we're treating, we're over-treating them, right? So not everybody needs it.

provide the best overall outcomes for patients safely, of course, but give them the best chance. But we do over-treat patients. And I think that's why one of the reasons these adjuvant trials are so large is because we have to treat a lot of patients in order to see a benefit. And a lot of patients that we're treating, we're over-treating them, right? So not everybody needs it.

provide the best overall outcomes for patients safely, of course, but give them the best chance. But we do over-treat patients. And I think that's why one of the reasons these adjuvant trials are so large is because we have to treat a lot of patients in order to see a benefit. And a lot of patients that we're treating, we're over-treating them, right? So not everybody needs it.

And then there's a small group of patients that may need even more that They may need intensification and just monotherapy, immunotherapy is not enough. So I think that's where the role of ctDNA comes in. And I love that there are prospective trials trying to answer that question right now, the Invigor 011.

And then there's a small group of patients that may need even more that They may need intensification and just monotherapy, immunotherapy is not enough. So I think that's where the role of ctDNA comes in. And I love that there are prospective trials trying to answer that question right now, the Invigor 011.

And then there's a small group of patients that may need even more that They may need intensification and just monotherapy, immunotherapy is not enough. So I think that's where the role of ctDNA comes in. And I love that there are prospective trials trying to answer that question right now, the Invigor 011.