Dr. Andy Galpin

We're in the brain here, we're not in muscle, but anaerobic glycolysis is still anaerobic glycolysis. It's still the breakdown of carbohydrates for the production of ATP. So in this particular case, since the ability to store glucose in the brain is quite limited, and the amount that we can get into the brain through the blood-brain barrier is also somewhat limited,

We're in the brain here, we're not in muscle, but anaerobic glycolysis is still anaerobic glycolysis. It's still the breakdown of carbohydrates for the production of ATP. So in this particular case, since the ability to store glucose in the brain is quite limited, and the amount that we can get into the brain through the blood-brain barrier is also somewhat limited,

If we're only or mostly relying upon anaerobic glycolysis, you can quickly see we're not going to be able to handle all the supply because not only does the brain take an enormous amount of energy, it's in fact, depending on the situation, our most energy costly organ in the body, and now it's injured and it has more energy demands to recover and it has less energy production,

If we're only or mostly relying upon anaerobic glycolysis, you can quickly see we're not going to be able to handle all the supply because not only does the brain take an enormous amount of energy, it's in fact, depending on the situation, our most energy costly organ in the body, and now it's injured and it has more energy demands to recover and it has less energy production,

we're going to be really running into problems with our energy deficit. So to summarize all that, effectively what's happening here is you've got this disrupted cell homeostasis. This leads to all kinds of problems like cell death or apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, necrosis, cytoskeletal degradation, and a whole host of other things that are short and long-term. And that's just the phase one part.

we're going to be really running into problems with our energy deficit. So to summarize all that, effectively what's happening here is you've got this disrupted cell homeostasis. This leads to all kinds of problems like cell death or apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, necrosis, cytoskeletal degradation, and a whole host of other things that are short and long-term. And that's just the phase one part.

That's the initial response. From there, and once we've dealt with that, we now have to handle step two or the delayed or second phase, which is generally associated with neuroinflammation and prolonged oxidative stress. So what we're talking about here is this pervasive inflammatory cascade that is in combination with our metabolic changes specifically to the blood-brain barrier.

That's the initial response. From there, and once we've dealt with that, we now have to handle step two or the delayed or second phase, which is generally associated with neuroinflammation and prolonged oxidative stress. So what we're talking about here is this pervasive inflammatory cascade that is in combination with our metabolic changes specifically to the blood-brain barrier.

Now remember, that's the thing that keeps things out of your brain and in your body and kind of keeps the separation there. If we've got a brain injury, we potentially have damage to that membrane as well. And so we've got excessive inflammation happening, not even talking about the acute response. Now it's staying there and persisting for days, weeks, months, or potentially even longer.

Now remember, that's the thing that keeps things out of your brain and in your body and kind of keeps the separation there. If we've got a brain injury, we potentially have damage to that membrane as well. And so we've got excessive inflammation happening, not even talking about the acute response. Now it's staying there and persisting for days, weeks, months, or potentially even longer.

This causes a migration of what's called peripheral immune cells into the brain and releases a whole storm of cytokines. These are communication tools that come out of your body from one organ to the next. They're not necessarily good or bad, but in this case, it's so large and it's so extreme that it continues to exacerbate this inflammatory problem.

This causes a migration of what's called peripheral immune cells into the brain and releases a whole storm of cytokines. These are communication tools that come out of your body from one organ to the next. They're not necessarily good or bad, but in this case, it's so large and it's so extreme that it continues to exacerbate this inflammatory problem.

This also causes activation of things that are called residual neural cells. There's a whole host of these things like astrocytes, complement proteins, and so on. These things release reactive oxidative species, they release that glutamate again, and they release those cytokines. And so you can see how this circle just sort of perpetuates itself.

This also causes activation of things that are called residual neural cells. There's a whole host of these things like astrocytes, complement proteins, and so on. These things release reactive oxidative species, they release that glutamate again, and they release those cytokines. And so you can see how this circle just sort of perpetuates itself.

It's not always a bad response, but in this particular case, since there's been so much structural damage, one more time, the cycle just continues. This is gonna really harm the brain's healing. It's gonna facilitate formation of what are called membrane attack complexes. You could just hear from that term.

It's not always a bad response, but in this particular case, since there's been so much structural damage, one more time, the cycle just continues. This is gonna really harm the brain's healing. It's gonna facilitate formation of what are called membrane attack complexes. You could just hear from that term.

That's probably not a good thing again We're trying to clean out the damage, but it's gonna come with a lot of problems This is gonna create like very specifically pores in the membranes of the target cells Which means those are gonna often die now in the case of like a skeletal muscle from exercise. This is okay It's pretty easy to repair But when it's happening in your brain

That's probably not a good thing again We're trying to clean out the damage, but it's gonna come with a lot of problems This is gonna create like very specifically pores in the membranes of the target cells Which means those are gonna often die now in the case of like a skeletal muscle from exercise. This is okay It's pretty easy to repair But when it's happening in your brain

It's a problem, right? So overall, we've got that oxidative stress response, and that's gonna start damaging fat, protein, and DNA, remember. A big portion of your brain is made of fat. So while we're typically not concerned about oxidative stress harming all the fat in the rest of our body, that represents a serious damage to our brain and one that potentially is not reversible.

It's a problem, right? So overall, we've got that oxidative stress response, and that's gonna start damaging fat, protein, and DNA, remember. A big portion of your brain is made of fat. So while we're typically not concerned about oxidative stress harming all the fat in the rest of our body, that represents a serious damage to our brain and one that potentially is not reversible.