Dr. Chris Palmer

So methylene blue, as you said, has been around for a long time. It's relatively cheap as a fish tank cleaner. Methylene blue, fascinatingly, is primarily exclusively a mitochondrial agent. So it is an electron acceptor and donor, right? So that is what methylene blue does. It can accept electrons and it can donate electrons. So it's an electron shuttle, if you will.

So methylene blue, as you said, has been around for a long time. It's relatively cheap as a fish tank cleaner. Methylene blue, fascinatingly, is primarily exclusively a mitochondrial agent. So it is an electron acceptor and donor, right? So that is what methylene blue does. It can accept electrons and it can donate electrons. So it's an electron shuttle, if you will.

So methylene blue, as you said, has been around for a long time. It's relatively cheap as a fish tank cleaner. Methylene blue, fascinatingly, is primarily exclusively a mitochondrial agent. So it is an electron acceptor and donor, right? So that is what methylene blue does. It can accept electrons and it can donate electrons. So it's an electron shuttle, if you will.

And how does that relate to mitochondria? Mitochondria, as they are producing ATP, electrons are flowing down the electron transport chain. And that is what results in the production of ATP. If it gets shuttled through the uncoupling protein, it results in heat production.

And how does that relate to mitochondria? Mitochondria, as they are producing ATP, electrons are flowing down the electron transport chain. And that is what results in the production of ATP. If it gets shuttled through the uncoupling protein, it results in heat production.

And how does that relate to mitochondria? Mitochondria, as they are producing ATP, electrons are flowing down the electron transport chain. And that is what results in the production of ATP. If it gets shuttled through the uncoupling protein, it results in heat production.

And when electrons flow out of that system, when they leak out of that system, it creates reactive oxygen species, which again are very harmful to both mitochondria and cells. So if you have dysfunctional mitochondria, that don't seem to be able to contain the electrons appropriately. Electrons are leaking out.

And when electrons flow out of that system, when they leak out of that system, it creates reactive oxygen species, which again are very harmful to both mitochondria and cells. So if you have dysfunctional mitochondria, that don't seem to be able to contain the electrons appropriately. Electrons are leaking out.

And when electrons flow out of that system, when they leak out of that system, it creates reactive oxygen species, which again are very harmful to both mitochondria and cells. So if you have dysfunctional mitochondria, that don't seem to be able to contain the electrons appropriately. Electrons are leaking out.

We've got decades of evidence that aging, neurodegeneration, even obesity, type 2 diabetes, and a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with that process. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species, often referred to as oxidative stress. So we got decades of evidence strongly supporting that. Can methylene blue play a role in that?

We've got decades of evidence that aging, neurodegeneration, even obesity, type 2 diabetes, and a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with that process. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species, often referred to as oxidative stress. So we got decades of evidence strongly supporting that. Can methylene blue play a role in that?

We've got decades of evidence that aging, neurodegeneration, even obesity, type 2 diabetes, and a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with that process. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species, often referred to as oxidative stress. So we got decades of evidence strongly supporting that. Can methylene blue play a role in that?

Absolutely, because methylene blue can come in and take some of these wayward electrons and prevent them from creating reactive oxygen species, which might help calm things down. One of the challenges with methylene blue, as we discussed before, you can have too little and too much. Same with methylene blue. You can have too little and too much. You don't want to accept too many electrons.

Absolutely, because methylene blue can come in and take some of these wayward electrons and prevent them from creating reactive oxygen species, which might help calm things down. One of the challenges with methylene blue, as we discussed before, you can have too little and too much. Same with methylene blue. You can have too little and too much. You don't want to accept too many electrons.

Absolutely, because methylene blue can come in and take some of these wayward electrons and prevent them from creating reactive oxygen species, which might help calm things down. One of the challenges with methylene blue, as we discussed before, you can have too little and too much. Same with methylene blue. You can have too little and too much. You don't want to accept too many electrons.

These electrons need to be flowing to the places they should be flowing. As opposed to oxidative stress, the polar opposite of that is called reductive stress. And that, too, has been found in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and some other disorders. So it's really about dysregulated kind of balance between oxidative and reductive stress.

These electrons need to be flowing to the places they should be flowing. As opposed to oxidative stress, the polar opposite of that is called reductive stress. And that, too, has been found in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and some other disorders. So it's really about dysregulated kind of balance between oxidative and reductive stress.

These electrons need to be flowing to the places they should be flowing. As opposed to oxidative stress, the polar opposite of that is called reductive stress. And that, too, has been found in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and some other disorders. So it's really about dysregulated kind of balance between oxidative and reductive stress.

And methylene blue, if you take it in overdose, could become a reductive stressor. So you don't want too much. So we do have pilot trials. Again, small, not super well done pilot trials in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, others. Many of them suggesting a benefit.

And methylene blue, if you take it in overdose, could become a reductive stressor. So you don't want too much. So we do have pilot trials. Again, small, not super well done pilot trials in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, others. Many of them suggesting a benefit.