Dr. Ellen Langer

And I thought, what does it mean, horses don't eat meat? How many horses were tested? And what were they tested with? How much meat mixed with how much grain? And what kind of grain? And how big are these horses? And when was the last, you know, and so on. And it all opened up. And I said, how could we make such a statement, horses don't eat meat? But when you think about science...

And I thought, what does it mean, horses don't eat meat? How many horses were tested? And what were they tested with? How much meat mixed with how much grain? And what kind of grain? And how big are these horses? And when was the last, you know, and so on. And it all opened up. And I said, how could we make such a statement, horses don't eat meat? But when you think about science...

That imagine if you did the experiment and you're trying to teach somebody what you found. You say, these particular horses who hadn't eaten for three days were given this grain. And under those circumstances, 80% of them didn't eat meat. That's a mouthful. You can't communicate that way, so you abbreviate it. Horses don't eat meat. So it's not in the telling that's the problem.

That imagine if you did the experiment and you're trying to teach somebody what you found. You say, these particular horses who hadn't eaten for three days were given this grain. And under those circumstances, 80% of them didn't eat meat. That's a mouthful. You can't communicate that way, so you abbreviate it. Horses don't eat meat. So it's not in the telling that's the problem.

That imagine if you did the experiment and you're trying to teach somebody what you found. You say, these particular horses who hadn't eaten for three days were given this grain. And under those circumstances, 80% of them didn't eat meat. That's a mouthful. You can't communicate that way, so you abbreviate it. Horses don't eat meat. So it's not in the telling that's the problem.

It's in the receiving of the information. We have to know that these things are just not true to the one. But it's very important because every time you're given a diagnosis— You take the diagnosis as real. Well, it's not the case that they can be sure that all of these symptoms mean you have this disease.

It's in the receiving of the information. We have to know that these things are just not true to the one. But it's very important because every time you're given a diagnosis— You take the diagnosis as real. Well, it's not the case that they can be sure that all of these symptoms mean you have this disease.

It's in the receiving of the information. We have to know that these things are just not true to the one. But it's very important because every time you're given a diagnosis— You take the diagnosis as real. Well, it's not the case that they can be sure that all of these symptoms mean you have this disease.

And if you have, quote, this disease, we don't know that all of the people who have it are going to follow. And it becomes very unlikely when you turn it all inside out that way. And so another part of this that we can get into or not is people's understanding probabilities in general and that you can't predict. Now, people ask for answers all the time, even the how much is one in one.

And if you have, quote, this disease, we don't know that all of the people who have it are going to follow. And it becomes very unlikely when you turn it all inside out that way. And so another part of this that we can get into or not is people's understanding probabilities in general and that you can't predict. Now, people ask for answers all the time, even the how much is one in one.

And if you have, quote, this disease, we don't know that all of the people who have it are going to follow. And it becomes very unlikely when you turn it all inside out that way. And so another part of this that we can get into or not is people's understanding probabilities in general and that you can't predict. Now, people ask for answers all the time, even the how much is one in one.

Should I have the surgery? What is the disease that I have? And by recognizing that all information that's given is for the group, not for the individual. A few examples of this is kind of funny. I say, so Michael Jordan and I are going to have a foul shooting contest. We each get to shoot one basket. Who's going to win? Well, most people are just going to quickly say Michael Jordan.

Should I have the surgery? What is the disease that I have? And by recognizing that all information that's given is for the group, not for the individual. A few examples of this is kind of funny. I say, so Michael Jordan and I are going to have a foul shooting contest. We each get to shoot one basket. Who's going to win? Well, most people are just going to quickly say Michael Jordan.

Should I have the surgery? What is the disease that I have? And by recognizing that all information that's given is for the group, not for the individual. A few examples of this is kind of funny. I say, so Michael Jordan and I are going to have a foul shooting contest. We each get to shoot one basket. Who's going to win? Well, most people are just going to quickly say Michael Jordan.

How much money are you willing to bet on this? One shot each. Million dollars. I'll give you a million dollars if Ellen Langer wins. You give me or I'll give you a million dollars if Michael Jordan wins. You give me half a million dollars if Ellen Langer wins. First, you think you'll take the bet. But when you think about it, no, he sometimes misses. She sometimes makes the basket.

How much money are you willing to bet on this? One shot each. Million dollars. I'll give you a million dollars if Ellen Langer wins. You give me or I'll give you a million dollars if Michael Jordan wins. You give me half a million dollars if Ellen Langer wins. First, you think you'll take the bet. But when you think about it, no, he sometimes misses. She sometimes makes the basket.

How much money are you willing to bet on this? One shot each. Million dollars. I'll give you a million dollars if Ellen Langer wins. You give me or I'll give you a million dollars if Michael Jordan wins. You give me half a million dollars if Ellen Langer wins. First, you think you'll take the bet. But when you think about it, no, he sometimes misses. She sometimes makes the basket.

Maybe he had a fight with his wife, didn't sleep well. You know, maybe she is in top form and this is now the moment she's going to make that basket. Or make it simple. He said to himself, let the older woman win. Why not? Really? You know, and when you think of all the reasons why it could be the case that I could win, all of a sudden you become less certain.

Maybe he had a fight with his wife, didn't sleep well. You know, maybe she is in top form and this is now the moment she's going to make that basket. Or make it simple. He said to himself, let the older woman win. Why not? Really? You know, and when you think of all the reasons why it could be the case that I could win, all of a sudden you become less certain.

Maybe he had a fight with his wife, didn't sleep well. You know, maybe she is in top form and this is now the moment she's going to make that basket. Or make it simple. He said to himself, let the older woman win. Why not? Really? You know, and when you think of all the reasons why it could be the case that I could win, all of a sudden you become less certain.