Dr. Karolina Westlund

It used to be in the 1990s that it used to be recommended because, you know, they wouldn't reproduce and there'd be less humping. And so it was sort of promoted online. with regards to certain behavioral changes.

It used to be in the 1990s that it used to be recommended because, you know, they wouldn't reproduce and there'd be less humping. And so it was sort of promoted online. with regards to certain behavioral changes.

It used to be in the 1990s that it used to be recommended because, you know, they wouldn't reproduce and there'd be less humping. And so it was sort of promoted online. with regards to certain behavioral changes.

Later studies have shown, and there's like more than 20 in the last 20 years or so, have shown that quite consistently that some of the effects of neutering might be particularly in males, apparently. And it depends on the age at which this is done also. And it has to do with the activation process, of course. is that you see an increase in fear, an increase in reactivity, aggressive behavior.

Later studies have shown, and there's like more than 20 in the last 20 years or so, have shown that quite consistently that some of the effects of neutering might be particularly in males, apparently. And it depends on the age at which this is done also. And it has to do with the activation process, of course. is that you see an increase in fear, an increase in reactivity, aggressive behavior.

Later studies have shown, and there's like more than 20 in the last 20 years or so, have shown that quite consistently that some of the effects of neutering might be particularly in males, apparently. And it depends on the age at which this is done also. And it has to do with the activation process, of course. is that you see an increase in fear, an increase in reactivity, aggressive behavior.

You might see an increase in noise sensitivity and so on. So it seems that, as you were touching on, the change in hormonal status not only has this physiological, the physical effects on the body, but also behavioral effects. Now, there's also... an increase in the risk of certain cancers or certain physical problems and a decrease in others.

You might see an increase in noise sensitivity and so on. So it seems that, as you were touching on, the change in hormonal status not only has this physiological, the physical effects on the body, but also behavioral effects. Now, there's also... an increase in the risk of certain cancers or certain physical problems and a decrease in others.

You might see an increase in noise sensitivity and so on. So it seems that, as you were touching on, the change in hormonal status not only has this physiological, the physical effects on the body, but also behavioral effects. Now, there's also... an increase in the risk of certain cancers or certain physical problems and a decrease in others.

So I would suggest that once you do get your next dog, that you discuss with a veterinarian the best option for that particular breed and that particular individual because it's going to be very breed-specific, it's gender-specific, and it's also the age at which these procedures are done.

So I would suggest that once you do get your next dog, that you discuss with a veterinarian the best option for that particular breed and that particular individual because it's going to be very breed-specific, it's gender-specific, and it's also the age at which these procedures are done.

So I would suggest that once you do get your next dog, that you discuss with a veterinarian the best option for that particular breed and that particular individual because it's going to be very breed-specific, it's gender-specific, and it's also the age at which these procedures are done.

Yeah, I think it's 40% of Americans own a dog. And I think in Norway, it's like 15. So, and I think probably this ties in a lot to why the cultures have emerged so differently, because... There's a lot less sort of backyard breeding and so on and feral populations in Scandinavia of dogs. So we don't have this huge problem with overpopulation that you'll see in some other countries.

Yeah, I think it's 40% of Americans own a dog. And I think in Norway, it's like 15. So, and I think probably this ties in a lot to why the cultures have emerged so differently, because... There's a lot less sort of backyard breeding and so on and feral populations in Scandinavia of dogs. So we don't have this huge problem with overpopulation that you'll see in some other countries.

Yeah, I think it's 40% of Americans own a dog. And I think in Norway, it's like 15. So, and I think probably this ties in a lot to why the cultures have emerged so differently, because... There's a lot less sort of backyard breeding and so on and feral populations in Scandinavia of dogs. So we don't have this huge problem with overpopulation that you'll see in some other countries.

And I think that here a lot of the neutering is done to control the population predominantly as a way to sort of try to reduce the number of animals that go into shelters and so on.

And I think that here a lot of the neutering is done to control the population predominantly as a way to sort of try to reduce the number of animals that go into shelters and so on.

And I think that here a lot of the neutering is done to control the population predominantly as a way to sort of try to reduce the number of animals that go into shelters and so on.

One thing that leaps to mind is the extent to which cultural learning occurs in humans. For other animal species, they learn from, you know, trial and error. If I do this, that happens. First that happens, then that other thing happens. So classical conditioning and operant conditioning tie into sort of forming the animal's behavior. They also have social learning.

One thing that leaps to mind is the extent to which cultural learning occurs in humans. For other animal species, they learn from, you know, trial and error. If I do this, that happens. First that happens, then that other thing happens. So classical conditioning and operant conditioning tie into sort of forming the animal's behavior. They also have social learning.