Dr. Karolina Westlund

One thing that leaps to mind is the extent to which cultural learning occurs in humans. For other animal species, they learn from, you know, trial and error. If I do this, that happens. First that happens, then that other thing happens. So classical conditioning and operant conditioning tie into sort of forming the animal's behavior. They also have social learning.

They watch someone else and look at what they do. In this situation, I'm feeling a bit disconcerted watching you to see how you react. Oh, you don't seem to be that upset. Okay, I guess I don't have to be that either. Or you're interacting with that thing in that way. I guess I'll do the same.

They watch someone else and look at what they do. In this situation, I'm feeling a bit disconcerted watching you to see how you react. Oh, you don't seem to be that upset. Okay, I guess I don't have to be that either. Or you're interacting with that thing in that way. I guess I'll do the same.

They watch someone else and look at what they do. In this situation, I'm feeling a bit disconcerted watching you to see how you react. Oh, you don't seem to be that upset. Okay, I guess I don't have to be that either. Or you're interacting with that thing in that way. I guess I'll do the same.

But it's like the influence is from the animals that are closest to you and from your own personal experience. And we sort of stand on the shoulders of giants, we humans, because we can read people's thoughts that are thousands of years old, literally.

But it's like the influence is from the animals that are closest to you and from your own personal experience. And we sort of stand on the shoulders of giants, we humans, because we can read people's thoughts that are thousands of years old, literally.

But it's like the influence is from the animals that are closest to you and from your own personal experience. And we sort of stand on the shoulders of giants, we humans, because we can read people's thoughts that are thousands of years old, literally.

And so I think that's one of the biggest differences, I think, in our learning is that we used to be called man the toolmaker, as if toolmaking would be the thing that set us apart from other animals, until Jane Goodall reported that she'd seen chimpanzees.

And so I think that's one of the biggest differences, I think, in our learning is that we used to be called man the toolmaker, as if toolmaking would be the thing that set us apart from other animals, until Jane Goodall reported that she'd seen chimpanzees.

And so I think that's one of the biggest differences, I think, in our learning is that we used to be called man the toolmaker, as if toolmaking would be the thing that set us apart from other animals, until Jane Goodall reported that she'd seen chimpanzees.

Making tools to, you know, the termite fishing behavior that she saw where they would break off a twig and take all the leaves off and then sharpen it so that they could insert it into a termite mound. And the termites would climb onto it and they could carefully extract it and eat the termites. So they made these tools.

Making tools to, you know, the termite fishing behavior that she saw where they would break off a twig and take all the leaves off and then sharpen it so that they could insert it into a termite mound. And the termites would climb onto it and they could carefully extract it and eat the termites. So they made these tools.

Making tools to, you know, the termite fishing behavior that she saw where they would break off a twig and take all the leaves off and then sharpen it so that they could insert it into a termite mound. And the termites would climb onto it and they could carefully extract it and eat the termites. So they made these tools.

So, yeah, that would be, I guess, my first spontaneous reflection to your question.

So, yeah, that would be, I guess, my first spontaneous reflection to your question.

So, yeah, that would be, I guess, my first spontaneous reflection to your question.

And I mean, knowledge is always shifting. So some of the things that we've been discussing today and that I've said with great conviction might be proven completely false a year from now. So that's I think the interesting thing about science is that we're always having to question our assumptions.

And I mean, knowledge is always shifting. So some of the things that we've been discussing today and that I've said with great conviction might be proven completely false a year from now. So that's I think the interesting thing about science is that we're always having to question our assumptions.

And I mean, knowledge is always shifting. So some of the things that we've been discussing today and that I've said with great conviction might be proven completely false a year from now. So that's I think the interesting thing about science is that we're always having to question our assumptions.

Thank you for having me. It's been a great discussion, I think. Thank you so much. Thank you.