Dr. Kevin MacDonald

decorated with tools of impression like potter's combs or styluses or what have you, they're thinking this is coming out of the southern Sahara or what would be called the Sahel, the shore of the Sahara farther to the north, where we know that millet was independently domesticated.

So when we're looking at millet domestication, we're looking at sort of Mali and Mauritania and that sort of zone, and then that this millet is making its way down with agricultural populations which are expanding at that time. So these are people already back in 1500 BC, which is before they're producing any statues or before they're producing iron, that these are

So when we're looking at millet domestication, we're looking at sort of Mali and Mauritania and that sort of zone, and then that this millet is making its way down with agricultural populations which are expanding at that time. So these are people already back in 1500 BC, which is before they're producing any statues or before they're producing iron, that these are

So when we're looking at millet domestication, we're looking at sort of Mali and Mauritania and that sort of zone, and then that this millet is making its way down with agricultural populations which are expanding at that time. So these are people already back in 1500 BC, which is before they're producing any statues or before they're producing iron, that these are

food-producing, farming, agro-pastoral peoples coming down from the north, settling in an area which probably only has mobile hunter-gatherers in it, who aren't occupying the landscape in any density. So they push in and start making their many small settlements, small farming settlements. And so initially what they're bringing in is coming from the north.

food-producing, farming, agro-pastoral peoples coming down from the north, settling in an area which probably only has mobile hunter-gatherers in it, who aren't occupying the landscape in any density. So they push in and start making their many small settlements, small farming settlements. And so initially what they're bringing in is coming from the north.

food-producing, farming, agro-pastoral peoples coming down from the north, settling in an area which probably only has mobile hunter-gatherers in it, who aren't occupying the landscape in any density. So they push in and start making their many small settlements, small farming settlements. And so initially what they're bringing in is coming from the north.

But as knock goes on, we know that they are bringing in some things from the outside. And this is most notably Carnelian, which they seem to be very fond of. I mean, many people were fond of Carnelian. The Romans were very fond of Carnelian. And of course, there are several different potential sources for carnelian, which is a red semi-opaque stone that can be quite vivid.

But as knock goes on, we know that they are bringing in some things from the outside. And this is most notably Carnelian, which they seem to be very fond of. I mean, many people were fond of Carnelian. The Romans were very fond of Carnelian. And of course, there are several different potential sources for carnelian, which is a red semi-opaque stone that can be quite vivid.

But as knock goes on, we know that they are bringing in some things from the outside. And this is most notably Carnelian, which they seem to be very fond of. I mean, many people were fond of Carnelian. The Romans were very fond of Carnelian. And of course, there are several different potential sources for carnelian, which is a red semi-opaque stone that can be quite vivid.

And so you're making these beads. In Nock's case, they can be both relatively flat, distant-shaped beads, but they can also be tubular, which is much more complicated to make, because you imagine you're having to, you know, they can be a couple of centimeters thick, and you're having to drill this out all the way through. So you're having to use quartz drills to get through this to make

And so you're making these beads. In Nock's case, they can be both relatively flat, distant-shaped beads, but they can also be tubular, which is much more complicated to make, because you imagine you're having to, you know, they can be a couple of centimeters thick, and you're having to drill this out all the way through. So you're having to use quartz drills to get through this to make

And so you're making these beads. In Nock's case, they can be both relatively flat, distant-shaped beads, but they can also be tubular, which is much more complicated to make, because you imagine you're having to, you know, they can be a couple of centimeters thick, and you're having to drill this out all the way through. So you're having to use quartz drills to get through this to make

These beads, you know, at the time, this is quite a process. And obviously, they would have quite a lot of status attached to them. But where from? And we know that there are carnelian sources in the Saharan highlands. We know that there are carnelian sources in the eastern desert of Egypt.

These beads, you know, at the time, this is quite a process. And obviously, they would have quite a lot of status attached to them. But where from? And we know that there are carnelian sources in the Saharan highlands. We know that there are carnelian sources in the eastern desert of Egypt.

These beads, you know, at the time, this is quite a process. And obviously, they would have quite a lot of status attached to them. But where from? And we know that there are carnelian sources in the Saharan highlands. We know that there are carnelian sources in the eastern desert of Egypt.

Of course, probably some of the finest carnelian, which you begin to see a lot in more recent sort of medieval periods, is this carnelian coming from Gujarat in India. So those are your great sources of carnelian. I rather suspect that this stuff, also just from the look of it, although chemical studies need to be done, is coming either from the Saharan highlands or from Egypt.

Of course, probably some of the finest carnelian, which you begin to see a lot in more recent sort of medieval periods, is this carnelian coming from Gujarat in India. So those are your great sources of carnelian. I rather suspect that this stuff, also just from the look of it, although chemical studies need to be done, is coming either from the Saharan highlands or from Egypt.

Of course, probably some of the finest carnelian, which you begin to see a lot in more recent sort of medieval periods, is this carnelian coming from Gujarat in India. So those are your great sources of carnelian. I rather suspect that this stuff, also just from the look of it, although chemical studies need to be done, is coming either from the Saharan highlands or from Egypt.

Of course, that doesn't mean direct, but it does mean it's being traded hand-to-hand and getting done. And it's getting done in enough numbers that you can make these enormous necklaces out of it. I mean, this comes from the mortuary archaeology, if not from graves. We also have statues that are just festooned with beads, which from their shape and size look to be carnelian.