Dr. Kevin MacDonald

Of course, that doesn't mean direct, but it does mean it's being traded hand-to-hand and getting done. And it's getting done in enough numbers that you can make these enormous necklaces out of it. I mean, this comes from the mortuary archaeology, if not from graves. We also have statues that are just festooned with beads, which from their shape and size look to be carnelian.

Of course, that doesn't mean direct, but it does mean it's being traded hand-to-hand and getting done. And it's getting done in enough numbers that you can make these enormous necklaces out of it. I mean, this comes from the mortuary archaeology, if not from graves. We also have statues that are just festooned with beads, which from their shape and size look to be carnelian.

So we're looking at large-scale carnelian trade coming down. Now, whether that is being made in what would be in the Sahara, it would be northern Mali or maybe southern Libya, southern Algeria, that area. or whether it's coming from the eastern desert of Egypt, it's still coming in a substantial way and in quantity.

So we're looking at large-scale carnelian trade coming down. Now, whether that is being made in what would be in the Sahara, it would be northern Mali or maybe southern Libya, southern Algeria, that area. or whether it's coming from the eastern desert of Egypt, it's still coming in a substantial way and in quantity.

So we're looking at large-scale carnelian trade coming down. Now, whether that is being made in what would be in the Sahara, it would be northern Mali or maybe southern Libya, southern Algeria, that area. or whether it's coming from the eastern desert of Egypt, it's still coming in a substantial way and in quantity.

And then, of course, you have to ask, well, what is not passing up in return for this, especially since this is before a lot of the mining of metals other than iron in this area, notionally. So you think, well, one possibility is always ivory.

And then, of course, you have to ask, well, what is not passing up in return for this, especially since this is before a lot of the mining of metals other than iron in this area, notionally. So you think, well, one possibility is always ivory.

And then, of course, you have to ask, well, what is not passing up in return for this, especially since this is before a lot of the mining of metals other than iron in this area, notionally. So you think, well, one possibility is always ivory.

Because we forget, you know, these days we look at Africa and, you know, you see there are all of these elephant herds in East Africa and Southern Africa and so forth. So you tend to think, oh, that's where the elephants are. But there used to be enormous elephant herds in West Africa. And one of the reasons they had very few elephants, they're not entirely gone.

Because we forget, you know, these days we look at Africa and, you know, you see there are all of these elephant herds in East Africa and Southern Africa and so forth. So you tend to think, oh, that's where the elephants are. But there used to be enormous elephant herds in West Africa. And one of the reasons they had very few elephants, they're not entirely gone.

Because we forget, you know, these days we look at Africa and, you know, you see there are all of these elephant herds in East Africa and Southern Africa and so forth. So you tend to think, oh, that's where the elephants are. But there used to be enormous elephant herds in West Africa. And one of the reasons they had very few elephants, they're not entirely gone.

I mean, there's one large active herd between Burkina Faso and Mali that goes up and down in that area every year, and which I've visited years ago myself. But it was the transatlantic slave trade and the enormous importation of firearms into West Africa. So in the 18th century, there was a huge import of gunpowder, lead, and firearms all along the West African coast. And that led to a kind of

I mean, there's one large active herd between Burkina Faso and Mali that goes up and down in that area every year, and which I've visited years ago myself. But it was the transatlantic slave trade and the enormous importation of firearms into West Africa. So in the 18th century, there was a huge import of gunpowder, lead, and firearms all along the West African coast. And that led to a kind of

I mean, there's one large active herd between Burkina Faso and Mali that goes up and down in that area every year, and which I've visited years ago myself. But it was the transatlantic slave trade and the enormous importation of firearms into West Africa. So in the 18th century, there was a huge import of gunpowder, lead, and firearms all along the West African coast. And that led to a kind of

animal wipeout, a wild game wipeout across West Africa. Firearms hadn't come into these areas for so long and in such quantities in Eastern and Southern Africa. So that's why you have these very well-preserved parks of wildlife in those areas. In West Africa, much of its indigenous fauna was wiped out in the 18th century and 19th century by hunting with musketeers.

animal wipeout, a wild game wipeout across West Africa. Firearms hadn't come into these areas for so long and in such quantities in Eastern and Southern Africa. So that's why you have these very well-preserved parks of wildlife in those areas. In West Africa, much of its indigenous fauna was wiped out in the 18th century and 19th century by hunting with musketeers.

animal wipeout, a wild game wipeout across West Africa. Firearms hadn't come into these areas for so long and in such quantities in Eastern and Southern Africa. So that's why you have these very well-preserved parks of wildlife in those areas. In West Africa, much of its indigenous fauna was wiped out in the 18th century and 19th century by hunting with musketeers.

Yeah, it's a theory because, you know, just trying to think, well, what is their offer in terms of trade? And I mean, it could also be precious woods, like types of, I don't know, ironwood or ebony or things like that. That's possible. But a lot of elements of later trade simply were not there yet.

Yeah, it's a theory because, you know, just trying to think, well, what is their offer in terms of trade? And I mean, it could also be precious woods, like types of, I don't know, ironwood or ebony or things like that. That's possible. But a lot of elements of later trade simply were not there yet.

Yeah, it's a theory because, you know, just trying to think, well, what is their offer in terms of trade? And I mean, it could also be precious woods, like types of, I don't know, ironwood or ebony or things like that. That's possible. But a lot of elements of later trade simply were not there yet.