Dr. Leonard Calabrese

It's actually still relatively poorly understood if you divide it into two types of studies. One are the studies where you can do it in a lab and come in and do an exhaustive stress test or cycle until you've hit the oxidation wall and you're hit your aerobic capacity. There, it's not surprising that all types of things happen to your immune system. You have trafficking of immunologic cells.

It's actually still relatively poorly understood if you divide it into two types of studies. One are the studies where you can do it in a lab and come in and do an exhaustive stress test or cycle until you've hit the oxidation wall and you're hit your aerobic capacity. There, it's not surprising that all types of things happen to your immune system. You have trafficking of immunologic cells.

It's actually still relatively poorly understood if you divide it into two types of studies. One are the studies where you can do it in a lab and come in and do an exhaustive stress test or cycle until you've hit the oxidation wall and you're hit your aerobic capacity. There, it's not surprising that all types of things happen to your immune system. You have trafficking of immunologic cells.

You have elevations of inflammatory cytokines. Those are the mediators that cause inflammation and redistribution of lymphocytes like T cells and B cells. I've always said, well, I would expect that. That's just stress and your immune system is moving to stress. The more

You have elevations of inflammatory cytokines. Those are the mediators that cause inflammation and redistribution of lymphocytes like T cells and B cells. I've always said, well, I would expect that. That's just stress and your immune system is moving to stress. The more

You have elevations of inflammatory cytokines. Those are the mediators that cause inflammation and redistribution of lymphocytes like T cells and B cells. I've always said, well, I would expect that. That's just stress and your immune system is moving to stress. The more

Important question is if you take a person who's sedentary and a person who has moderate activity and a person who is an ultramarathoner, do their immune systems differ by what we have traditionally measured, T cells and B cells and inflammatory cytokines and the like? And the answer is there's very little difference that we can detect. And my response to that is that we have very poor tools.

Important question is if you take a person who's sedentary and a person who has moderate activity and a person who is an ultramarathoner, do their immune systems differ by what we have traditionally measured, T cells and B cells and inflammatory cytokines and the like? And the answer is there's very little difference that we can detect. And my response to that is that we have very poor tools.

Important question is if you take a person who's sedentary and a person who has moderate activity and a person who is an ultramarathoner, do their immune systems differ by what we have traditionally measured, T cells and B cells and inflammatory cytokines and the like? And the answer is there's very little difference that we can detect. And my response to that is that we have very poor tools.

We're just now- We're looking with an eyeglass instead of a telescope, right? We're looking at the same techniques that we looked at 40 years ago, where in the next five years, we'll be looking with what we recognize as omic technologies, where we're looking at the entire cloud of data of how your genes are functioning and how your proteome and metabolome

We're just now- We're looking with an eyeglass instead of a telescope, right? We're looking at the same techniques that we looked at 40 years ago, where in the next five years, we'll be looking with what we recognize as omic technologies, where we're looking at the entire cloud of data of how your genes are functioning and how your proteome and metabolome

We're just now- We're looking with an eyeglass instead of a telescope, right? We're looking at the same techniques that we looked at 40 years ago, where in the next five years, we'll be looking with what we recognize as omic technologies, where we're looking at the entire cloud of data of how your genes are functioning and how your proteome and metabolome

So some of that work is starting to be done right now. And I look forward to seeing more of it.

So some of that work is starting to be done right now. And I look forward to seeing more of it.

So some of that work is starting to be done right now. And I look forward to seeing more of it.

It really is. I think that this is the most exciting area going on in immune behavioral science right now. And the data that are being generated are pretty impressive. So let's just talk about, let me back up and give you just a magic minute on triggering the immune system. So we have this immune system here. It's designed to defend us from all types of dangerous signals.

It really is. I think that this is the most exciting area going on in immune behavioral science right now. And the data that are being generated are pretty impressive. So let's just talk about, let me back up and give you just a magic minute on triggering the immune system. So we have this immune system here. It's designed to defend us from all types of dangerous signals.

It really is. I think that this is the most exciting area going on in immune behavioral science right now. And the data that are being generated are pretty impressive. So let's just talk about, let me back up and give you just a magic minute on triggering the immune system. So we have this immune system here. It's designed to defend us from all types of dangerous signals.

We traditionally think of that as external signals such as infections, and it certainly does all that. There is another... set of danger signals that we are just now starting to understand. And you brought up the term psychoneuroimmunology. Mouthful. It is. It is. And it's your psyche, your nervous system, and your immune system.

We traditionally think of that as external signals such as infections, and it certainly does all that. There is another... set of danger signals that we are just now starting to understand. And you brought up the term psychoneuroimmunology. Mouthful. It is. It is. And it's your psyche, your nervous system, and your immune system.