Dr. Oliver Grunman

I didn't know about it until after my survey, I think right around the time that my survey was published. And the FDA recommended to the DEA to place...

I didn't know about it until after my survey, I think right around the time that my survey was published. And the FDA recommended to the DEA to place...

and 7-hydroxymitragynin, which were known at the time to act on opioid receptors, to place them into Schedule 1, make them basically illegal, which would have prevented us as researchers, as academicians, to conduct research on it, which has been a challenge for cannabis research for a very, very long time because it's It is very difficult to get a DEA Schedule 1 license to begin with.

and 7-hydroxymitragynin, which were known at the time to act on opioid receptors, to place them into Schedule 1, make them basically illegal, which would have prevented us as researchers, as academicians, to conduct research on it, which has been a challenge for cannabis research for a very, very long time because it's It is very difficult to get a DEA Schedule 1 license to begin with.

and 7-hydroxymitragynin, which were known at the time to act on opioid receptors, to place them into Schedule 1, make them basically illegal, which would have prevented us as researchers, as academicians, to conduct research on it, which has been a challenge for cannabis research for a very, very long time because it's It is very difficult to get a DEA Schedule 1 license to begin with.

So from that perspective, from the research perspective, we were concerned.

So from that perspective, from the research perspective, we were concerned.

So from that perspective, from the research perspective, we were concerned.

Yeah, I have not been involved with other drugs before that were at risk of being placed into Schedule 1. But it doesn't happen very often that the DEA does not move forward with placing a drug into Schedule 1. So this was certainly very surprising for a lot of people at the time.

Yeah, I have not been involved with other drugs before that were at risk of being placed into Schedule 1. But it doesn't happen very often that the DEA does not move forward with placing a drug into Schedule 1. So this was certainly very surprising for a lot of people at the time.

Yeah, I have not been involved with other drugs before that were at risk of being placed into Schedule 1. But it doesn't happen very often that the DEA does not move forward with placing a drug into Schedule 1. So this was certainly very surprising for a lot of people at the time.

Yeah, so that's a good question because only in recent years have a few NIDA studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse studies, under Kirsten Smith, who was a postdoc at NIDA and now is a faculty member at Johns Hopkins University, kind of elucidated to some degree what the symptoms of a potential Kratom use disorder are.

Yeah, so that's a good question because only in recent years have a few NIDA studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse studies, under Kirsten Smith, who was a postdoc at NIDA and now is a faculty member at Johns Hopkins University, kind of elucidated to some degree what the symptoms of a potential Kratom use disorder are.

Yeah, so that's a good question because only in recent years have a few NIDA studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse studies, under Kirsten Smith, who was a postdoc at NIDA and now is a faculty member at Johns Hopkins University, kind of elucidated to some degree what the symptoms of a potential Kratom use disorder are.

And when we look at the criteria for what constitutes dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and some other behaviors, we really see Kratom at the lower end of meeting these criteria.

And when we look at the criteria for what constitutes dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and some other behaviors, we really see Kratom at the lower end of meeting these criteria.

And when we look at the criteria for what constitutes dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and some other behaviors, we really see Kratom at the lower end of meeting these criteria.

What people primarily report is tolerance, meaning they increase their dose of Kratom over time. And if they stop taking it, they get withdrawal symptoms. Interesting. In general, these withdrawal symptoms are relatively mild for most people, maybe comparable to heavy caffeine use when you stop using it.

What people primarily report is tolerance, meaning they increase their dose of Kratom over time. And if they stop taking it, they get withdrawal symptoms. Interesting. In general, these withdrawal symptoms are relatively mild for most people, maybe comparable to heavy caffeine use when you stop using it.

What people primarily report is tolerance, meaning they increase their dose of Kratom over time. And if they stop taking it, they get withdrawal symptoms. Interesting. In general, these withdrawal symptoms are relatively mild for most people, maybe comparable to heavy caffeine use when you stop using it.