Dr. Oliver Grunman

And then others sometimes compare it to a little bit stronger stimulant effect. So I think it depends on the individual who is consuming it. When we talk about euphoria, that is more related to its comparison with opioids. So the opioid-like euphoria you would get at much higher doses when you kind of pass the relaxing and sedative stages and go into the more analgesic and opioid-like effects.

kratom was for? Yeah, so there were a number of different uses for it. It has been used both as a slight stimulant by day laborers who use it primarily to water fatigue when they work in the hot sun and the tropical humid climates to continue working, but also for pain relief, for fever, for diarrhea by indigenous folks, specifically when it is prepared as a tea.

kratom was for? Yeah, so there were a number of different uses for it. It has been used both as a slight stimulant by day laborers who use it primarily to water fatigue when they work in the hot sun and the tropical humid climates to continue working, but also for pain relief, for fever, for diarrhea by indigenous folks, specifically when it is prepared as a tea.

kratom was for? Yeah, so there were a number of different uses for it. It has been used both as a slight stimulant by day laborers who use it primarily to water fatigue when they work in the hot sun and the tropical humid climates to continue working, but also for pain relief, for fever, for diarrhea by indigenous folks, specifically when it is prepared as a tea.

Now, with the opium trades that happened in the 18th century or 19th century, 1830s, 1840s, we saw a huge influx of opium from China as well as across the world, really. That's what the opium wars of the British colonizers was about in the 19th century.

Now, with the opium trades that happened in the 18th century or 19th century, 1830s, 1840s, we saw a huge influx of opium from China as well as across the world, really. That's what the opium wars of the British colonizers was about in the 19th century.

Now, with the opium trades that happened in the 18th century or 19th century, 1830s, 1840s, we saw a huge influx of opium from China as well as across the world, really. That's what the opium wars of the British colonizers was about in the 19th century.

And whenever opium supplies were scarce in these areas of Malaysia and Thailand, people turned to kratom to use it as a harm reduction or as simply a substitute for opium.

And whenever opium supplies were scarce in these areas of Malaysia and Thailand, people turned to kratom to use it as a harm reduction or as simply a substitute for opium.

And whenever opium supplies were scarce in these areas of Malaysia and Thailand, people turned to kratom to use it as a harm reduction or as simply a substitute for opium.

So at the time, we had the American Kratom Association, which still exists to this day. I think they have evolved over time from a relatively really user-driven and user advocacy group to a little bit of a lobbying arm as well. But at the time, I reached out to them and asked, hey, would you be willing to just send out an email to your members to distribute this survey.

So at the time, we had the American Kratom Association, which still exists to this day. I think they have evolved over time from a relatively really user-driven and user advocacy group to a little bit of a lobbying arm as well. But at the time, I reached out to them and asked, hey, would you be willing to just send out an email to your members to distribute this survey.

So at the time, we had the American Kratom Association, which still exists to this day. I think they have evolved over time from a relatively really user-driven and user advocacy group to a little bit of a lobbying arm as well. But at the time, I reached out to them and asked, hey, would you be willing to just send out an email to your members to distribute this survey.

I didn't ask them for input on how to design the survey, but just to distribute it. The first survey, I capped it at 10,000 responses, thinking that maybe I get 500 if I'm lucky in two weeks or so. And within two weeks, I got 10,000 responses and I had to end the survey. So I would never have expected such a huge response rate.

I didn't ask them for input on how to design the survey, but just to distribute it. The first survey, I capped it at 10,000 responses, thinking that maybe I get 500 if I'm lucky in two weeks or so. And within two weeks, I got 10,000 responses and I had to end the survey. So I would never have expected such a huge response rate.

I didn't ask them for input on how to design the survey, but just to distribute it. The first survey, I capped it at 10,000 responses, thinking that maybe I get 500 if I'm lucky in two weeks or so. And within two weeks, I got 10,000 responses and I had to end the survey. So I would never have expected such a huge response rate.

So that was the first survey that was published on Kratom use in the United States.

So that was the first survey that was published on Kratom use in the United States.

So that was the first survey that was published on Kratom use in the United States.

I didn't know about it until after my survey, I think right around the time that my survey was published. And the FDA recommended to the DEA to place...