Dr. Sergiu Pașcă

meaning that you have to inject once and hopefully it would work because next time, you know, you may have an immune reaction, right?

You'll have, you'll produce antibodies and so you won't be able to deliver again.

So there, again, there are all kinds of challenges that, you know, people are working really hard to solve.

And I have no doubt that in the next decade we'll see, you know, therapies or, you know, perhaps even cures for some of these conditions.

Of course, and I think you were bringing this up, one of the challenges is like when we do this.

because especially for disorders of the brain, neurodevelopmental disorders, so autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, the question is always how early it is too late.

You know, how much damage has it done?

Has it been done?

And how much can I actually correct?

And that's one of the things that, you know, we're only now starting to really explore as we're thinking about some of the first clinical trials in the space.

And then for gene therapies, again, in the context of what you're mentioning is some of this, again, they're irreversible.

So once you put the gene in and it goes into a cell, let's say through a lentivirus that will integrate, you can't take it out anymore.

That would be very difficult.

It will get inactivated over time.

So that's why we have to be extra careful with some of these therapies and make sure that we don't do more harm, which I guess it's always what we try.

Absolutely.

Let's start first with stem cells and what they are, because I think it's also important to define them.

So stem cells are cells that have two properties.

First of all, they in principle can become other cells.

And if they are of the most potent type, they will be totally potent, so they can make everything.